Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 2232 > Objectives 1-11 > Flashcards

Objectives 1-11 Flashcards

1
Q

changes in the variable result in responses that change the variable in the opposite direction

A

negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how do you calculate osmolarity?

A

of solute particles formed by solute molecule * molarity (M)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

changes in the variable result in more responses in the same direction: increase leads to increase

A

positive feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are examples of nonpolar, lipid-soluble molecules?

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is another name for secondary active transport?

A

coupled transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the osmolarity inside a human cell?

A

0.3 Osmoles or 300 mOsmoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what provides energy for the coupled transport of many molecules?

A

NA/K pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

molecules dissolved in water

A

solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do ions need in order to diffuse?

A

transport protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the channels in the membrane called that help water pass through?

A

aquaporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do osmoreceptors trigger?

A

thirst and decreased urine excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

difference in solute concentration on either side of the membrane

A

osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what can open a transport channel?

A

chemical, neurotransmitter, voltage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the calcium pump create?

A

a concentration gradient for movement of calcium back into the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the tonicity of a penetrating solution?

A

it doesn’t have tonicity–it must be non-penetrating to have tonicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where are osmoreceptors in the body?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the universal solvent?

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does the NA/K pump create?

A

resting membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In what direction does the calcium flow with the calcium pump, initially?

A

outside of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is secondary active transport fueled?

A

resting membrane potential produced by NA/K pump: moving sodium back into the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the flow of ions in the NA/K pump?

A

3 NA out, 2 K in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why would water move across the membrane (rather than the solute)?

A

the solute can’t pass through (it’s non-penetrating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what body functions does the calcium pump help with?

A

neurotransmitter release and muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the process that initiates the transport protein functioning in primary active transport?

A

hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does the sodium/potassium pump maintain?

A

osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the total concentration of solutes in a liter of solution

A

osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how is the pump activated in primary active transport?

A

phosphorylation: removing P from ATP phosphate binds to the pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what kind of molecules pass easily through the plasma membrane?

A

nonpolar, lipid-soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

with this type of coupled transport, the other molecule is moved with sodium

A

cotransport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

with this type of coupled transport, the other molecule is moved in the opposite direction of sodium

A

countertransport

31
Q

which part of the nervous system innervates skeletal muscle?

A

somatic (sensory and motor)

32
Q

which neurons are involved with the autonomic nervous system?

A

motor only

33
Q

what are the divisions of the motor nervous system?

A

somatic and autonomic

34
Q

chemical messengers used to communicate with other cells

A

neurotransmitters

35
Q

assist neuron functioning, but do not communicate

A

neuroglia

36
Q

where is the nucleus located in a neuron?

A

cell body/soma

37
Q

what are the gaps in myelin on an axon called?

A

nodes of Ranvier

38
Q

which neurons are located in the CNS and are responsible for processing nervous system information?

A

association/interneurons

39
Q

what form myelin sheaths around peripheral axons?

A

Schwann cells

40
Q

all axons in the PNS are surrounded by a sheath of Schwann cells called the _________

A

neurilemma

41
Q

________ matter is cell bodies and axons

A

gray

42
Q

__________ matter is myelinated

A

white

43
Q

what forms the tube for a regenerating neuron?

A

schwann cells

44
Q

what has to be intact in order for a neuron to be able to regenerate?

A

cell body

45
Q

what is the resting membrane potential (RMP) of a neuron?

A

-70mV

46
Q

why does the cell need RMP?

A

needs it to communicate

47
Q

why is the neuron negative inside?

A
  • uses ATP for energy
  • K+ leak channels
  • Na+/K+ pump
48
Q

why does using ATP for energy make the neuron negative inside?

A

ATP > ADP + Pi

leads to many negatively charged Pi (phosphates) being in the cell

49
Q

why do K+ leak channels lead to the neuron being negative inside?

A

K+ ions leak out of the cell at rest

50
Q

why does the Na+/K+ pump lead to the neuron being negative on the inside?

A

lose 3 Na+, gain 2 K+

51
Q

this type of channel opens in response to a chemical (neurotransmitter)

A

ligand gated channel

52
Q

this type of channel opens when a specific threshold level occurs

A

voltage gated channel

53
Q

what is the threshold voltage level for an action potential?

A

-55mV

54
Q

what makes the inside of the cell go from -70mV to -55mV (allowing it to reach threshold)?

A

entrance of Na+

55
Q

what are the 2 types of channels that allow K+ passage?

A

leak and voltage gated

56
Q

____ ions are 75X more permeable than ____ ions at RMP

A

K+; Na+

57
Q

what are the 2 types of channels that allow passage of Na+?

A

ligand and voltage gated

58
Q

during an action potential, voltage gated channels will be deactivated at what voltage?

A

+30mV

59
Q

at what point during action potential are Na+ ions entering ligand gated channels?

A

-70mV to -55mV

60
Q

which part of the action potential is the depolarizing phase?

A

when Na+ is entering the cell

61
Q

what happens during action potential when the cell reaches threshold (-55mV)?

A

Na+ begin entering via voltage gated channels

62
Q

what is the repolarizing phase of the action potential?

A

when the K+ are leaving the cell, making it more negative again

63
Q

what happens during action potential at +30mV?

A

K+ voltage gated channels open finally, allowing K+ to leave the cell

64
Q

what is hyperpolarization?

A

K+ channels are slow to close, so cell becomes more negative than RMP

65
Q

what restores RMP from hyperpolarization?

A

Na+/K+ pump

66
Q

what does the all or none law mean?

A

size of stimulus doesn’t affect size or duration of action potential

67
Q

how do local anesthetics work?

A

block voltage gated Na+ channels, preventing them from opening

68
Q

when is the absolute refractory period for action potential?

A

during the action potential

69
Q

when is the relative refractory period?

A

when K+ channels are still open

70
Q

this disease involves the loss of myelin at one or several places in the nervous system

A

MS

71
Q

in resting state, which ion is dominant in the extracellular fluid?

A

Na+

72
Q

in resting state, which ion is dominant in the intracellular fluid?

A

K+

73
Q

which part of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic? which is hydrophilic?

A

tails are phobic; heads are philic

Physiology 2232 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions