Exam 2: Objectives 23-27 Flashcards
what part of the vestibular apparatus is responsible for dynamic equilibrium?
semicircular canals
which type of sleep is associated with dreams and an active limbic system?
REM sleep
brain waves: awake, active
beta
diffuse system of neurons which radiates to the cerebral cortex; plays a role in level of consciousness, alertness
reticular activating system
which parts of the brain regulate the ability to stay awake?
hypothalamus and brain stem
what kind of neuron transmits sudden, sharp pain? dull, persistent pain?
myelinated; unmyelinated
what does the mucus of the olfactory epithelium contain?
specific odorant receptors
pain pathway: slower and less localized sensation; carries info to reticular activating system
spinoreticular
what is the olfactory nerve?
CN I
electrodes on the scalp detect synaptic potentials produced by cell bodies and dendrites in the cerebral cortex
EEG
what are the 2 pain pathways?
lateral spinothalamic and spinoreticular
2 types of brain waves seen during sleep
theta and delta
what are the 3 senses involved in balance and equilibrium?
vision, proprioception, vestibular
brain waves: awake, relaxed
alpha
what are the 2 saclike swellings on the vestibular apparatus called?
utricle and saccule
what is this an example of: tilting head to look down at shoes?
linear acceleration
how often are olfactory neurons replaced?
every 1-2 months
where are the first cells in the olfactory pathway?
olfactory epithelium
what causes nystagmus?
the hairs of the cristae are bent while the endolymph is still spinning (inertia)
kind of equilibrium: body is still, head is in motion
static
what kind of receptors are the vestibular hair cells?
mechanoreceptors
what kind of receptors are involved in olfaction?
chemoreceptors
what part of the vestibular apparatus is responsible for static equilibrium?
utricle and saccule
what neurotransmitter is released when an AP is generated by the hair cells?
glutamate
what kind of brain waves are seen during non-REM sleep?
delta
The receptors for dynamic equilibrium are called…
cristae ampullaris
what do the hair cells in the macula attach to?
CN VIII
awareness of the position of the body and limbs in space
proprioception
how many semicircular canals are in the vestibular apparatus?
3
What is the substance in the semicircular canals that will lag behind due to inertia?
endolymph
what structure allows the olfactory nerves to pass through it?
cribriform plate
which stage of non-REM sleep is often called “slow-wave” sleep?
stage 3
pain pathway: highly localized and very rapid. carries info to the thalamus
lateral spinothalamic
what is the only sense that is processed in the limbic system, rather than going to the thalamus?
olfaction
what kind of sensory receptor is activated by the release of chemicals from damaged tissues?
nocireceptors
When the endolymph in the semicircular canals lags behind, what happens as a result?
cupula lags and hairs are bent > AP in vestibular neurons
what kind of brain waves are seen during REM sleep?
theta
Each macula has __________: the tips are anchored to gelatinous block containing crystals called _______
hair cells; otoliths
kind of equilibrium: body is in motion, head is still
dynamic
which type of sleep is restorative and is associated with memory storage?
non-REM sleep
how do you assess vestibular functioning (possibly in a case of nystagmus)?
cold caloric test
where are the hair cells located that detect changes in motion and position of the head?
vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
