NST Chap 23

Question 1

Psychologist use the term bounded rationality to describe the actual operating state of the

Answer 1

mind

Question 2

Cognitive bias, the unconscious tendency to allow an initial reference point to distort our estimate, even when the initial reference point is completely arbitrary, is called

Answer 2

Anchoring

Question 3

Within cognitive bias the most relevant bias is

Answer 3

Confirmation

Question 4

Cognitive bias, the tendency to judge past events as easily predictable when in fact they were not easily for seen is called

Answer 4

Hindsight

Question 5

Within cognitive bias, when we attribute more credit to ourselves for group or collaborative outcome than an outside party making an unbiased assessment would is called

Answer 5

Egocentrism

Question 6

We use frameworks and shortcuts to simplify our understanding of a complex world; the use of the framework that helps us process information quickly and efficiently is known as

Answer 6

Mental frameS

Question 7

Within prospect theory, the theory that helps explain our tendency to escalate commitment based on a sunk cost instead of making rational valuation based on how things exist today is the

Answer 7

Prospect theory

Question 8

When decision makers choose courses of action they are not evaluating a whole series of alternatives and are not selecting solutions based on objective analysis they are using what

Answer 8

Intuition

Question 9

When decision makers are operating in challenging or ambiguous situation, highly experienced professionals often have relation to the events called

Answer 9

Intuition

Question 10

The number of steps the simple process used for communicating intuitive decision, seeking feedback, and conveying intent is

Answer 10

5

Question 11

Very powerful decision making tools, often the greatest innovative breakthrough occur when analogies from one field or domain are applied to another, is termed as

Answer 11

Analogies

Question 12

The critical thinking trap inherent in the use of analogy is that they can lead us to focus on the similarity between events and downplay important what

Answer 12

DifferenceS

Question 13

The objective technique to clearly separate fact from assumption and then probe your presumptions carefully are known as

Answer 13

Takeaways

Question 14

The type of wisdom that holds that groups make better decisions than individuals because they draw from a diverse base of talent and experience is called

Answer 14

Conventional

Question 15

Within wisdom of groups, to be effective groups of non-experts must be decentralized and

Answer 15

Contain members who are independent

Question 16

When tremendous pressure, within the team for conformity and a desire for unanimity drive decision-making at the expense of true critical thinking it is known as

Answer 16

Group think

Question 17

Within groups, especially long-standing groups, individuals often self censor based on a desire to avoid becoming

Answer 17

Ostracized and marginalized

Question 18

A key aspect of managing the decision process is to stimulate

Answer 18

Cognitive conflict

Question 19

Within take-away, decision makers must ensure that they are not structuring their decision process to minimize conflict at the expense of

Answer 19

Critical Thinking

Question 20

Within inability to decide, indecision resulting from dysfunctional patterns of behavior manifest itself as one of the three

Answer 20

Organizational cultures

Question 21

Within inability to decide, one of the harmful organizational cultures differentiates between the use of a ‘devils advocate’ and the culture of

Answer 21

No

Question 22

Within inability to decide, one of the harmful organizational cultures is that decision makers work to gather as much information as possible , so much so that they become trapped in ‘analysis paralysis’ is the culture of

Answer 22

Maybe

Question 23

The process by which a decision is made significantly influences implementation and follow through of the

Answer 23

Solution

Question 24

Within take away, procedural legitimacy in decision making occurs when the decision process is perceived to be in line with an organization’s socially accepted norms and

Answer 24

Desired behavior

Question 25

Within take away, procedural legitimacy in decision-making occurs when the decision process is perceived to be in line with an organization’s socially accepted norms and

Answer 25

Desired behavior

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Question 26

Within take away, in order to create an organizational culture of decision legitimacy, leaders can explain the decision rationale once made, express appreciation for everyone’s participation and how alternative inputs contribute to the process, and

Answer 26

Separate advocacy from analysis.

Question 27

Within accidents and normalizing deviance within the USAF, like any other organization, decisions made in high-complex, tightly integrated environments often have

Answer 27

Unanticipated consequences

Question 28

The theory that rests upon the assumption that in any high complex high risk organizational structure decision failures are unavoidable is

Answer 28

Normal accident theory

Question 29

The gradual acceptance of unexpected events and risk as a normal part of the operating environment is

Answer 29

Normalizing deviance

Question 30

The general acceptance of lower standards of performance is

Answer 30

Normalizing deviance

Question 31

Within practical drift and ambiguity within large organizations, sub-unit leaders at all levels make decisions to maximize

Answer 31

Efficiency

Question 32

Leaders must ensure that Airmen be aware of how their decisions at the local level tie in with overall organizational goals

Answer 32

Standards and expectations

Question 33

Leaders must use their awareness of organizational goals and standards to monitor

Answer 33

Practical drift

Question 34

The challenge for Airmen of all ranks is that ambiguous threats do not trigger

Answer 34

Organizational responses

Question 35

Within take away, Airmen in positions of responsibility must work to temper ‘practical drift’ and create a culture where critical thinking is applied to

Answer 35

Ambiguous Threats

Question 36

Within take away, to further problems associated with ‘practical drift’, leaders can also avoid ‘bandaid ‘ approaches to small problems, fix the root cause across the system, and understand the ‘why’ behind

Answer 36

Local standards