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Geography GCSE > November Mocks > Flashcards

November Mocks Flashcards

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1
Q

What three things does a low GNI per capita lead to.

A

Limited investment in infrastructure, lack of investment in healthcare, lack of investment in education.

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2
Q

What does a limited investment in infrastructure lead to?

A

Results in traffic congestion, delays with trading routes, leads to even less money coming back into the economy.

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3
Q

What does a lack of investment in healthcare lead to?

A

Results in higher infant mortality rate, higher death rate, making the country less attractive to TNCs, leads to even less money coming back into the economy.

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4
Q

What does a lack of investment in education lead to?

A

Results in uneducated adults in the country leads to higher unemployment numbers, and people being unable to find a high-paying job, and a low disposable income, and thus low tax revenue coming back to the government, leads to even less money coming back into the economy.

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5
Q

What is a consequence of uneven development?

A

International migration.

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6
Q

How many people move from Mexico to the US each year.

A

130,000 people move from Mexico to the USA each year legally (there are also thousands who move illegally).

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7
Q

Why are people motivated to move out of their LIC (NOBA)?

A

Not only will people get a better education, healthcare and employment opportunities, but subsequently this results in people being motivated to leave their home LIC, taking money and working age people out of their own economy, causing labour shortages.

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8
Q

What is the usual type of people who move out of Mexico to the US?

A

The people who leave are usually healthy, working age people which means the development gap gets even larger.

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9
Q

What is international migration?

A

Where people move from one country to another to live and work. Uneven development causes people to leave less developed LICs and NEEs and go to HICs to improve their quality of life.

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10
Q

What literary technique is used to help describe the location of India?

A

An appositive.

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11
Q

Where is India located?

A

In South Asia.

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12
Q

What countries does India border?

A

Nepal and Pakistan.

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13
Q

What bodies of water does India border?

A

The bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean.

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14
Q

What mountain range lies to the North of India?

A

The Himalayan mountains.

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15
Q

Why is India of regional importance?

A

In South Asia, it has the largest population, largest economy and it has strong links with the Middle East and South-east Asia.

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16
Q

Why does India have the largest population in South Asia?

A

Because it is an NEE, and has a high birth rate and a low death rate.

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17
Q

Why does India have the largest economy in South Asia?

A

Because it has a massive manufacturing industry and has Bollywood. Largest population, people contributing to tax, improving the economy.

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18
Q

Why does India have strong links to the Middle-East and South-East Asia?

A

Because it is a manufacturing country, meaning it is attractive to TNCs, which have strong links to other TNCs. It also provides resources to these countries.

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19
Q

While India’s primary sector has decreased since 1999, what has happened to the secondary sector?

A

The size of the secondary sector has increased massively since 1999.

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20
Q

Why is an economy that is less reliant on primary sector industries is advantageous?

A

An economy that is less reliant on primary sector industries is advantageous because land only has a certain amount of raw materials that can be extracted from the ground, making an industry that relies on the secondary sector more sustainable.

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21
Q

Why can an economy with more manufacturing jobs can stimulate economic development?

A

An economy with more manufacturing jobs can stimulate economic development because these jobs are paid more, and therefore leading to more disposable income and more tax revenue to the government.

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22
Q

Give three reasons manufacturing increases economic growth.

A

Manufacturing jobs are regularly paid, manufacturing industries stimulate growth through close links with each other, and as industries grows, more people are employed and tax revenue increases.

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23
Q

Why are regularly paid jobs due to manufacturing beneficial?

A

Regularly paid jobs give people more secure income, and provides an even larger home market for purchasing products e.g., cars, clothing.

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24
Q

Give the fact about India’s primary sector.

A

Primary industries employ 42% of the working population, while only providing 15% of India’s GDP.

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25
Q

Give an example of manufacturing industries stimulating growth through close links with each other.

A

An example of manufacturing industries stimulating growth through close links with each other is companies supplying parts for producing cars.

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26
Q

What is the replacement of human labour with machines?

A

Mechanisation.

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27
Q

What is mechanisation?

A

The replacement of human labour with machines.

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28
Q

What does mechanisation lead to?

A

Fewer people needing to work on farms.

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29
Q

What sector dominated England in the Industrial Revolution?

A

The secondary (manufacturing) sector dominated England in the Industrial Revolution.

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30
Q

What percent of jobs were in secondary industries in 1900?

A

55% of jobs were in secondary industries in 1900.

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31
Q

What year did secondary sector jobs start declining in the UK?

A

In 1960.

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32
Q

What happened in 1960?

A

Secondary jobs started declining in the UK.

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33
Q

Why did the secondary sector decline?

A

The secondary sector declined because jobs were outsorced abroad.

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34
Q

Why were secondary sector jobs outsourced abroad?

A

Secondary sector jobs were outsourced abroad because of cheaper labour and cheaper land.

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35
Q

What did the cheap price of labour and land enable?

A

The cheap price of labour and land enabled the development of newer, more modern factories and got away from stronger environment legislation which sought to close highly polluting industries.

36
Q

What did improvements in technology lead to in the secondary sector?

A

The advances in technology led to hi-tech machines being able to do the jobs of people in secondary industries.

37
Q

What is the benefit of hi-tech machines being able to do the jobs of people in secondary industries?

A

The benefits of hi-tech machines being able to do the jobs of people in secondary industries include being able to do labour more cheaply and efficiently, reducing the need for human labour.

38
Q

What percent of the UK’s workforce were in the quaternary and tertiary sector in 2017?

A

83%.

39
Q

What industries made up 83% of the UK’s workforce?

A

The quaternary and tertiary sectors.

40
Q

What led to the quaternary and tertiary sectors increasing?

A

The quaternary and tertiary sectors increased because of mechanisation in the primary sector and then the secondary sector.

41
Q

What two developments involve transport and Infrastructure in the UK.

A

The development of Heathrow’s third runway and the HS2 rail network.

42
Q

Give the statistic of Heathrow’s third runway.

A

£14bn expansion to build a third runway by 2026 increasing yearly capacity by 260000 flights.

43
Q

Give the advantage of Heathrow’s third runway.

A

The advantage of Heathrow’s third runway is that good international transport links attract lots of people to the country for tourism.

44
Q

Give the disadvantage of Heathrow’s third runway.

A

The disadvantage of Heathrow’s third runway is that 761 homes including the entire village of Longford will have to be demolished for the new runway.

45
Q

Give the stastic of the HS2 rail network.

A

Plan to improve rail links between London, Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds by improving capacity on the lines and shortening journey times.

46
Q

Give the advantage of the HS2 rail network.

A

The advantage of the HS2 rail network is that this will link the North of England with London in the south, giving faster journey times and increasing capacity.

47
Q

Give the two disadvantages of the HS2 rail network.

A

The two disadvantages of the HS2 rail network include the route passing through 130 protected wildlife sites and 30 SSSIs, and that the government has run out of money, and has an unfinished rail track.

48
Q

What three things make up an ecosystem?

A

Producers, consumers and decomposers make up an ecosystem.

49
Q

What is the purpose of producers?

A

To use sunlight to produce energy (through photosynthesis).

50
Q

What is the purpose of consumers?

A

To get their energy by eating other organisms. They can eat producers or other consumers.

51
Q

What is the purpose of decomposers?

A

To be an organism which gets energy by breaking down dead material. They return the nutrients to the soil e.g., bacteria or fungi.

52
Q

What is a cause of deforestation?

A

Subsistence farming.

53
Q

What does subsistence farming lead to?

A

Subsistence farming leads to forest being cleared by small-scale farmers.

54
Q

What is subsistence farming used for?

A

Subsistence farming is used for growing food for themselves and their families.

55
Q

What type of people are usually subsistence farmers?

A

Indigenous people are usually subsistence farmers.

56
Q

Explain the technique subsistence farmers use for deforestation.

A

Subsistence farmers use a technique called slash and burn, where you cut down vegetation in an area and then burn the material.

57
Q

What does the slash and burn technique create?

A

The slash and burn technique creates a layer of nutrient rich ash that improves the fertility of the once infertile rainforest soil.

58
Q

Explain the technique subsistence farmers use for farming.

A

Subsistence farmers use a technique named shifting cultivation, where they use an area for a few years and then move to another.

59
Q

What does shifting cultivation result in?

A

Shifting cultivation results in the rainforest soil having more time to regain nutrients, maintaining the soil health.

60
Q

Define selective logging.

A

Selective logging is when loggers carefully cut down certain trees from an area, leaving the rest of the rainforest untouched.

61
Q

Give an advantage of selective logging.

A

An advantage of selective logging is that it only affects the flora in the rainforest that need to be cut down, no excess waste.

62
Q

Give a disadvantage of selective logging.

A

A disadvantage of selective logging is that logging is still occuring nevertheless, so you are still causing damage to the rainforest.

63
Q

Give an example of selective logging.

A

One example of selective logging in Brazil is that it is far easier to get a logging license if you are using selective logging.

64
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is when plants lose water through pores in leaves, stems and flowers.

65
Q

What is a succulent?

A

A succulent is a plant that stores water in its roots, stem, leaves or flowers.

66
Q

What are the extreme temperatures of the desert?

A

The extreme temperatures of the desert are 45 degrees C during the day and 0 degrees C during the night.

67
Q

What type of climate is the desert?

A

The desert has a climate with low rainfall (arid).

68
Q

What does the extreme climate of the desert lead to?

A

The extreme climate of the desert leads to infertile, salty soil with low nutrient levels, making plant and animal survival harder.

69
Q

Name the three adaptations of cacti.

A

The adaptations of cacti include very wide or deep roots, being a succulent, having spines instead of leaves.

70
Q

What are xerophytic plants?

A

Xerophytic plants are plants with adaptations which allow them to live in hot and dry conditions.

71
Q

What plant has roots that can grow 50m?

A

The Mesquite plant.

72
Q

What processes erode the faults and lines of weakness in the headland?

A

The processes that erode the faults and lines of weakness in the headland include hydraulic action and abrasion.

73
Q

What does a cave eroding all the way through form?

A

An arch.

74
Q

Why does the top of the arch becomes more unstable?

A

The top of the arch becomes more unstable due to weathering processes such as freeze-thaw weathering.

75
Q

Give the advantage of the Holderness management scheme.

A

The advantage of the Holderness management scheme is that key infrastructure such as the B1242, along with the Easington gas terminal are now better protected.

76
Q

Give two disadvantages of the Holderness management scheme.

A

The two disadvantages of the Holderness management scheme include Great Cowden (in the south) losing farmland and a caravan pack, and the hard engineering strategies used are extremely expensive to construct.

77
Q

What does the hard engineering strategies being used in the Holderness management scheme being extremely expensive to construct result in?

A

The hard engineering strategies being used in the Holderness management scheme being extremely expensive to construct results in decreased funding in the area to education or healthcare.

78
Q

Where is Oxford located?

A

Oxford is located in Central, southern England. 55 miles north west of London.

79
Q

Give population and tourist statistics of Oxford.

A

The population of Oxford is approximately 152,450 people, while the number of tourists per year is approximately 7 million.

80
Q

What rivers is Oxford at the confluence at, and how does this effect the town?

A

Oxford is at the confluence of Riveers Cherwell and Thames, resulting in high river discharge.

81
Q

What type of area is Oxford and what does this result in?

A

Oxford is an urban area, and this results in less infiltration, higher surface runoff and increased flood risk.

82
Q

What flood happened in July 2007?

A

In July 2007, Oxford had a flash flood, which caused 250 homes to be evacuated and the A420 flooding for 100m.

83
Q

When the Oxford Alleviation Scheme start and finish?

A

The Oxford Alleviation Scheme started in 2017 and finished in 2023.

84
Q

What does the Oxford Alleviation Scheme do?

A

Combines hard and soft engineering over 5km.

85
Q

What three techniques does the Oxford Alleviation Scheme take advantage of?

A

An excess bypass chawnnel, artificial embankments built to make the river deeper and increasing capacity, and planting 20,000 trees to increase interception by 20% and reducing surface runoff.

Geography GCSE (13 decks)

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