notifiable diseases & immunisations

Question 1

5 types of immunoglobulin

Answer 1

IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA

Question 2

2 forms of immunity

Answer 2

active
passive

Question 3

describe active immunity

Answer 3

cell mediated immunity

antibody mediated immunity

Question 4

describe release of antibodies

Answer 4

1. binding to antigen
2. chemical signal
3. becomes plasma cell
4. release antibodies

Question 5

describe passive immunity

Answer 5

protection provided from the transfer of antibodies from immune indivuals

eg from mothers to newborn via cross placental transfer

eg via transfusion of blood

Question 6

how long does passive immunity last

Answer 6

its temporary - a few weeks or months

Question 7

how does passive immunity work

Answer 7

1. provided by injection of human immunoglobulin containing antibodies to the target ifnection
2. temporarily increases persons antibody level to that specific infection
3. protection gained within a few days but only lasts a few weeks

Question 8

where is human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG) derived from

Answer 8

from the pooled plasma of donors

it contains antibodies to infectious agents that are currently prevalent in the general population

Question 9

what is HNIG used for

Answer 9

used to protect immunocompromised children exposed to measles and of indivials after exposure to hepatitis A

Question 10

what are their specific immunoglobulins available for

Answer 10

tetanus
hepatitis B
rabies
varicella zoster

Question 11

what does vaccination stimulate

Answer 11

immune response and memory to a specific antigen/infection

Question 12

what are the types of ways vaccines can be made from

Answer 12

• inactivated (killed) (e.g. pertussis, inactivated polio)
• attenuated live organisms (e.g. yellow fever, MMR, polio, BCG) • secreted products (e.g. tetanus, diphtheria toxoids)
• the constituents of cell walls/subunits (e.g. Hep B) or
• recombinant components (experimental)

Question 13

what is vaccine failiure

Answer 13

no vacccine offers 100% protection
small proportion of individuals get infected despite vaccination

Question 14

2 types of vaccine failiure

Answer 14

primary
secondary

Question 15

describe primary vaccine failure

Answer 15

person doesn’t develop immunity from vaccine

Question 16

describe secondary vaccine failiure

Answer 16

initially responses but protection wanes over time

Question 17

examples of vaccine preventable diseases

Answer 17

diptheria
tetanus
pertussis
polio
heamophilus influenza type B
meningococcal disease

Question 18

is accuracy of diagnosis important when doctors report notifiable diseases

Answer 18

no

Accuracy of diagnosis is secondary as the aim is to detect possible outbreaks of disease
and epidemics as rapidly as possible, so that public health action can be taken.

Question 19

what’s the law that marks notifiable diseases

Answer 19

the Health Portection Regulations (2010)

Question 20

what factors make noticeable diseases very scary

Answer 20

anthrax
cholera
plague
rabies
SARS
smallpox
viral haemorrhagic fever
yellow fever

Question 21

which diseases are very infectious but vaccine preventable

Answer 21

➢ Acute poliomyelitis
➢ Diphtheria
➢ Measles
➢ Mumps
➢ Rubella
➢ Tetanus
➢ Whooping cough
➢ Acute Meningitis / Meningococcal septicaemia

Question 22

which diseases need specific control measures

Answer 22

➢ Acute infectious hepatitis
➢ Foodborne
➢ Food poisoning
➢ Botulism
➢ Enteric fevers
➢ Infectious bloody diarrhoea
➢ Scarlet fever
➢ Tuberculosis

Question 23

why should doctors notify diseases

Answer 23

Detection of any changes in a disease
➢ Outbreak detection
➢ Early warning
➢ Forecasting

Track changes in disease
➢ Extent and severity of disease
➢ Risk factors

Allows development of interventions targeted at vulnerable groups

Question 24

how do we protect the community

Answer 24

Investigate: contact tracing, partner notification, lookback exercises, etc…
Identify and protect vulnerable persons: e.g. chemoprophylaxis, immunisation, isolation
Exclude high risk persons or from high risk settings Educate, inform, raise awareness, health promotion Coordinate multi-agency responses