notifiable diseases & immunisations Flashcards
5 types of immunoglobulin
IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA
2 forms of immunity
active
passive
describe active immunity
cell mediated immunity
antibody mediated immunity
describe release of antibodies
- binding to antigen
- chemical signal
- becomes plasma cell
- release antibodies
describe passive immunity
protection provided from the transfer of antibodies from immune indivuals
eg from mothers to newborn via cross placental transfer
eg via transfusion of blood
how long does passive immunity last
its temporary - a few weeks or months
how does passive immunity work
- provided by injection of human immunoglobulin containing antibodies to the target ifnection
- temporarily increases persons antibody level to that specific infection
- protection gained within a few days but only lasts a few weeks
where is human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG) derived from
from the pooled plasma of donors
it contains antibodies to infectious agents that are currently prevalent in the general population
what is HNIG used for
used to protect immunocompromised children exposed to measles and of indivials after exposure to hepatitis A
what are their specific immunoglobulins available for
tetanus
hepatitis B
rabies
varicella zoster
what does vaccination stimulate
immune response and memory to a specific antigen/infection
what are the types of ways vaccines can be made from
• inactivated (killed) (e.g. pertussis, inactivated polio)
• attenuated live organisms (e.g. yellow fever, MMR, polio, BCG) • secreted products (e.g. tetanus, diphtheria toxoids)
• the constituents of cell walls/subunits (e.g. Hep B) or
• recombinant components (experimental)
what is vaccine failiure
no vacccine offers 100% protection
small proportion of individuals get infected despite vaccination
2 types of vaccine failiure
primary
secondary
describe primary vaccine failure
person doesn’t develop immunity from vaccine
describe secondary vaccine failiure
initially responses but protection wanes over time
examples of vaccine preventable diseases
diptheria
tetanus
pertussis
polio
heamophilus influenza type B
meningococcal disease
is accuracy of diagnosis important when doctors report notifiable diseases
no
Accuracy of diagnosis is secondary as the aim is to detect possible outbreaks of disease
and epidemics as rapidly as possible, so that public health action can be taken.
what’s the law that marks notifiable diseases
the Health Portection Regulations (2010)
what factors make noticeable diseases very scary
anthrax
cholera
plague
rabies
SARS
smallpox
viral haemorrhagic fever
yellow fever
which diseases are very infectious but vaccine preventable
➢ Acute poliomyelitis
➢ Diphtheria
➢ Measles
➢ Mumps
➢ Rubella
➢ Tetanus
➢ Whooping cough
➢ Acute Meningitis / Meningococcal septicaemia
which diseases need specific control measures
➢ Acute infectious hepatitis
➢ Foodborne
➢ Food poisoning
➢ Botulism
➢ Enteric fevers
➢ Infectious bloody diarrhoea
➢ Scarlet fever
➢ Tuberculosis
why should doctors notify diseases
Detection of any changes in a disease
➢ Outbreak detection
➢ Early warning
➢ Forecasting
Track changes in disease
➢ Extent and severity of disease
➢ Risk factors
Allows development of interventions targeted at vulnerable groups
how do we protect the community
Investigate: contact tracing, partner notification, lookback exercises, etc…
Identify and protect vulnerable persons: e.g. chemoprophylaxis, immunisation, isolation
Exclude high risk persons or from high risk settings Educate, inform, raise awareness, health promotion Coordinate multi-agency responses
