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intro to clinical sciences phase 2 > brief into to immunology > Flashcards

brief into to immunology Flashcards

1
Q

most basic way to describe immune system

A

must discriminate self from non self

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2
Q

define innate immunity

A

instinctive, non specific does not depend on lymphocytes, present from birth

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3
Q

define adaptive immunity

A

specific acquired/learned immunity
requires lymphocytes, antibodies

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4
Q

what are both innate and adaptive immunity made up of

A

cells and soluble factors (humoral)

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5
Q

how many layers does centrifuge blood form

A

2

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6
Q

describe layers of blood

A

upper fluid - plasma - straw coloured liquid

middle layer - white fluffy layer, blue coat - leukocytes

lower layer - erythrocytes , platelets

serum - plasma without fibrinogen and other clotting factors

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7
Q

define haematopoesis

A

the commitment and differentiation processes that leads to the formation of all blood cells from pluripotent haematopoeitic stem cells

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8
Q

what drives cellls down different pathways

A

colony stimulating factor

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9
Q

what are the 3 polymophonuclear leukocytes

A

they have many dif shaped nuclei
1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. basophils

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10
Q

what are the 3 mononuclear leukocytes

A

they all have one nucleus

monocyte
t cells
b cells

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11
Q

describe neutrophils

A

75% of WBC
short lived - 1 dy
terminated in spleen
characteristic 3 interconnected nuclei

important role in innate immunity - phagocytosis
2 main intracellular granules:
1. Primary lysosomes – can kill microbes by secreting toxic substances
2. Secondary granules

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12
Q

describe eisonophills

A

Mainly associated with parasitic infections and allergic reactions
Lifespan 8-12 days
Granules stain for acidic dyes (eosin)
Activates neutrophils, induces histamine release from mast cells and provokes bronchospasm

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13
Q

3 types of T cells

A
  1. T - regs
  2. T helper (CD4) (Th1 &Th2)
  3. cytotoxic (CD8)
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14
Q

describe basophils

A

Mainly involved in immunity to parasitic infections and allergic reactions
Lifespan 2 days
Granules stain for basic dyes
Very similar to mast cells
Binding of IgE to receptor causes de-granulation releasing histamine – main cause of allergic reactions

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15
Q

where do T lymphocytes mature

A

in thymus

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16
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into

A

macrophage

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17
Q

lifespan of T lymphocytes

A

hours-years

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18
Q

describe monocytes

A

Plays an important role in innate AND adaptive immunity (phagocytosis and Ag presentation)

Differentiate into macrophages in the tissues

Main role – remove anything foreign (microbes) or dead

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19
Q

where are T cells found and what do they do

A

blood, lymph nodes and spleen

Recognise peptide Ag displayed presenting cells (APC)

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20
Q

what do B cells differentiate into

A

plasma cells
these secrete antibodies

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21
Q

describe B cells

A

Play major role in adaptive immunity
Lifespan hours – years
Mature in bone marrow
Recognise Ag displayed by antigen presenting cells (APC)
Differentiate into plasma cells that make antibodies
Found in blood, lymph nodes and spleen

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22
Q

describe macrophages

A

Play important role in innate and adaptive immunity (phagocytosis and Ag presentation)

Reside in tissues, lifespan – months/years e.g. Kupffer cells – liver, microglia – brain

Most often first line of non-self recognition

Main role – remove foreign (microbes) and self (dead/tumour cells)

Present Ag to T-cells

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23
Q

what are other minor cell populations

A

mast cell

natural killer cell

dendritic cell
kuppfer - liver
langerhans - skin

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24
Q

what is a natural killer cell

A

type of t cell but functions more like neutrophil
anti tumour response

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25
Q

what are mast cells

A

allergic reactions
contain histamine
undergo degranulation to release histamine

Only in tissues (precursor in blood)
Very similar to basophils
Binding to IgE to receptor causes de-granulation releasing histamine – main cause of allergic reactions

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26
Q

3 groups of soluble factors

A
  1. complement
  2. antibodies
  3. cytokines, chemokines
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27
Q

what are complements

A

group of 20 serum proteins secreted by the liver that need to be activated to be functional
complement is activated only as part of the immune response - 3 activation pathways

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28
Q

what are the modes for action for complements

A
  1. direct lysis
  2. attract more leukocytes to site of infection
  3. coat invading organisms
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29
Q

what do antibodies do

A

bind to antigens

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30
Q

what 3 things can complement do

A

Lyse microbes directly (membrane attack complex)

Increase chemotaxis

Opsonisation (C3b – important to remember)

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31
Q

what are immunoglobulins

A

another word for antibodies

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32
Q

describe antibodies

A

soluble
secreted
bound to B cells as part of B cell antigen receptor

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33
Q

what are the 5 distinct classes of Ig antibodies

A

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE

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34
Q

what’s the most prominent Ig in human serum

A

IgG - 70-75%

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35
Q

describe IgM

A

accounts for 10% of Igs in serum
pentamer, formation requires J chain
mainly found in blood - too big to cross endothelium
mainly primary immune response, initial contact with Ag

the monomeric form (mIgM) is present as an antigen specific receptor on B cells

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36
Q

describe igA

A

accounts for 15% of Igs in serum
in humans 80% of serum IgA is as a monomer- in most animals it is a dimmer
predominant ig in mucous and genitourinary secretions - called secretary IgA

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37
Q

describe IgD

A

Accounts for 1% of Ig in serum
A transmembrane monomeric form (mIgD) is present on mature B cells

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38
Q

describe IgE

A

Accounts for only ~0.05% of Ig in serum
Basophils and Mast Cells express and IgE-specific receptor that has high affinity for IgE
Basophils and Mast Cells are continually saturated with IgE
Binding Ag triggers release of histamine by these cells
Associated with hypersensitivity allergic response and defence against parasitic infections

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39
Q

what is an epitope

A

the specific site on an antigen

antige may have lots

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40
Q

what are cytokines

A

proteins secreted by immune and non immune cells

Substances produced by one cell that influence the behaviour of another, thus effecting intercellular communication.

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41
Q

what are the types of cytokines

A

interferons
interleukins
colony stimulating factors
tumour necrosis doctors

42
Q

what are interferons

A

induce a state of antiviral resistance in uninflected cells and limit the spread of viral infection

IFNa & b - produced by virus infected cells

IFNy - released by activated macrophage and Th1 cells

43
Q

what are interleukins

A

produced by many cells, over 30 types

can be pro inflammatory or anti inflammatory

can cause cells to divide, to differentiate and to secrete factors

44
Q

what are colony stimulating factors

A

involved in directing the davison and differentiation on bone marrow stem cells - precursors of leukocytes

45
Q

what are tumour necrosis factors

A

mediate the inflammation and cytotoxic reactions

46
Q

what are chemokines

A

chemotactic cytokines
group of approx 40 proteins that direct movement of leukocytes and other cells from the blood strea into the tissues or lymph organs by binding to specific receptors on cells

47
Q

4 types of chemokines

A

all attack diff things

CXCL - mainly neutrophils

CCL - monocytes, lymphocytes, eisonophils, basophils

CX3CL - mainly T lymphocytes & NK cells

XCL - mainly T lymphocytes

48
Q

describe innate defence

A

non specific
first line of defence provides barrier to antigen
instinctive
present from birth
slow response
no memory

49
Q

describe adaptive defence

A

specific
responses specific to antigen
learnt behaviour
memory to specific antigen
quicker response

50
Q

features of innate immunity

A
  • primitive (spread across species)
  • ‘un-learned/instinctive’ response
    • Does not depend on immune recognition by lymphocytes
    • Does not have long lasting memory
    • Integrates with Adaptive response
51
Q

what is innate immunity composed of

A

Physical and chemical barriers
Phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages)
Blood proteins (complement, acute phase)

52
Q

give examples of exterior defences - physical barriers

A
  1. lysozyme in tears & other secretions
  2. skin - physical barrier,fatty acids, commensalism
  3. commensais
  4. low ph and commensais of vagina
  5. removal of particles by rapid passage of air over turbinate bones
  6. bronchi - mucus, cilia
  7. gut - acid, rapid ph change
  8. flushing of urinary tract
53
Q

when does inflammatory response occur

A

when barriers are breached and there is tissue damage or infection

54
Q

what is the inflammatory response

A
  • stop bleeding - coagulation
  • acute inflammation
  • kill pathogens. neutralise toxins, limit pathogen spread
  • clear pathogens/dead cells (phagocytosis)

-proliferation of cells to repair damage

  • remove blood clot - remodel extracelular matrix
  • re establish normal structure/ function of tissues
55
Q

define inflammation

A

a series of reactions that brings cells and molecules of the immune system to sites of infection and damage

56
Q

hallmarks of inflammation

A

increased blood supply
increased vascular permeability
increased leukocyte transendothelial migration ‘extravasation’

57
Q

define acute inflammation

A

complete elimaination fo a pathogen followed by resolution of damage, dissapearance of leukocytes ands full regeneration f tissue

58
Q

what is chronic inflammation

A

persistent, un resolved inflammation

59
Q

what senses microbes in blood

A

monocytes and neutrophils

60
Q

what senses microbes in tissues

A

macrophages, dendritic cells

61
Q

relationship between PRR and PAMP

A

PRR - pattern recognition receptors - on cells

PAMP - pathogen associated molecular patterns - ON MICROBES

PAMP binds to PRR

62
Q

what are C type lectin receptors

A

EXAMPLE OF PRR
expressed by macrophage and DC - bind to carbohydrates in a Ca2+ dependent manner
the receptor save a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD)

63
Q

what are scavenger receptors

A

very large family of receptors
they mainly recognise foreign lipids

64
Q

what are toll like receptors

A

they recognise pathogen associated molecular patterns expressed by microbes

65
Q

what are the 3 activation pathways for complement proteins

A

1 classical - Ab bound to microbe

  1. alternative - C binds to microbe
  2. lectin - activated y mannose binding lectin to microbe
66
Q

define Haematopoietic pluripotent stem cell (haemocytoblast):

A

the stem cell that every blood cell in the body originates from

67
Q

what does T helper 1 do

A

CD4 – help immune response intracellular pathogens

68
Q

what does T helper 2 do

A

CD4 – help produce antibodies extracellular pathogens

69
Q

what does cytotoxic T cell do

A

CD8 – can kill cells directly

70
Q

what does T regulator do

A

regulate immune responses

71
Q

define antibody

A

protein produced in response to an antigen. It can only bind with the antigen that induced its formation – i.e. specificity.

72
Q

define antigen

A

a molecule that reacts with preformed antibody and specific receptors on T and B cells.

73
Q

define epitope

A

the part of the antigen that binds to the antibody/ receptor binding site

74
Q

define affinity

A

measure of binding strength between an epitope and an antibody binding site. The higher the affinity the better.

75
Q

5 characteristics of innate immunity

A

1st line of defence
Provides barrier to antigen
Is present from birth
No memory
Does not require lymphocytes

76
Q

4 characteristics of adavptive immunity

A

Response specific to antigen
Memory to specific antigen
Quicker response
Requires lymphocytes

77
Q

3 drawbacks of innate immunity

A

Effective but limited
Can be evaded
No long lasting memory

78
Q

2 benefits of innate immunity

A

Primitive (spread across species)
Instinctive response

79
Q

what 3 thimgs does innate immunity include

A

Physical and chemical barriers
Phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages)
Serum proteins (complement, acute phase)

80
Q

give 3 anatomical barriers

A

Skin – dermis and epidermis
Sebum (skin secretions)
Intact skin – prevents penetration, prevents growth

81
Q

what kind of barrier is mucous membranes

A

physical

82
Q

characteristics of mucous membrane

A

Saliva
Tears – lysozyme in tears and other secretions
Low pH and commensals of vagina
Mucous secretions
Mucous – entrapment
Cilia – beating removes microbes
Commensal colonies – attachment, nutrients

83
Q

give 4 physiological barriers

A

Temperature – chickens have high body temperature and are Anthrax resistant
Fever response inhibits micro-organism growth
pH
Gastric acidity – neonate stomach less acidic than adult so susceptible to infection

84
Q

hallmarks of innate immunity

A

Primitive (spread across species)
Un-learned/ instinctive response
Doesn’t depend on immune recognition by lymphocytes
Does not have long lasting memory
Integrates with adaptive response

85
Q

3 benefits of adaptive immunity

A

Antigen specificity and diversity
Immunological memory
Specific self/ non-self recognition

86
Q

what are the 6 steps to phagocytosis

A

Binding
Engulfment
Phagosome formation
Lysosome fusion (phagolysosome)
Membrane disruption
Antigen presentation/ secretion

87
Q

what do microbes and bacteruia do to innate immunity

A

Microbes evade innate immunity
Intracellular viruses and bacteria hide from innate immunity

88
Q

which microbes for T cells

A

Cell mediated – T cells – intracellular microbes

89
Q

which microbes for B cells

A

Humoral (Ab) – B cells – extracellular microbes

90
Q

what does Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) do

A

Display peptide from self OR non-self proteins (e.g. degraded microbial proteins) on the cell surface – invasion aler

91
Q

describe MHC 1

A

glycoproteins on all nucleated cells

92
Q

describe MHC 2

A

glycoproteins only on APC

93
Q

describe MHC 3

A

code for secreted proteins

94
Q

describe intrinsic class

A

Intrinsic (intracellular) – class I (all cells) – Tc (CD8) – kill infected cell with intracellular pathogen

95
Q

describe extreinsic class

A

Extrinsic (extracellular) – class II (APC only) – Th (CD4) – help B cell make Ab to extracellular pathogen

96
Q

what are the 3 antigen presenting cells

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
B cells

97
Q

what does cell mediated immunity requrie

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Intrinsic (endogenous) antigens
Extrinsic (exogenous) antigens
Recognise self or non-self

98
Q

what do T cells respond to

A

Only respond to intracellular presented antigens

99
Q

define T cell selection

A

T cells recognise self are killed in the foetal thymus as they mature

100
Q

describe B cell activation

A

B cells become activated upon binding with an antigen.

These then go to the lymph nodes where clonal expansion takes place with the cells differentiating into plasma cells.

These secrete Ab (usually IgM) which later turn into IgG.

B cells divide – clonal expansion and differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells.

Re-stimulation of memory B cells lead to secondary response.

101
Q

antibody strucrture

A

light chain
heavy chain

variable regions - bind antigen, differe between antibodies with different specificities

constant regions - same for antibodies of a given H chain class or L chain tupe

intro to clinical sciences phase 2 (48 decks)

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