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intro to clinical sciences phase 2 > gram positive bacteria > Flashcards

gram positive bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 major gram positive cocci

A

streptococci
and
staphylococci

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2
Q

how do gram positive cocci grow

A

in clusters (staphylococcus)

in chains (streptococcus)

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3
Q

how to treat staphylococcus aureus

A

flucloxallin 3 months

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4
Q

what is coagulase

A

enzyme produced by bacteria that clots blood plasma.

Fibrin clot formation around bacteria may protect from phagocytosis.

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5
Q

how many species of staphylococci

A

at least 40

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6
Q

normal habitat of staphylococcci

A

nose and skin

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7
Q

how is staphylococcus aureus spread

A

by aerosol and touch

  • carriers and shedders
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8
Q

virulence factors for staphylococcus aureus

A
  • Pore-forming toxins (some
    strains)
    • a - haemolysin & Panton-Valentine Leucocidin
    – Proteases
    • Exfoliatin
    – Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin (stimulates cytokine release)
    – Protein A (surface protein which binds Ig’s in wrong orientation)
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9
Q

what is MRSA resistant to

A

B lactams
gentamicin, erythromycin,
tetracycline

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10
Q

2 types of coagulase negative staphylococci

A

S epidermidis

S saprophyticus

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11
Q

describe S epidermis

A

Infections in debilitated, prostheses (opportunistic)
– Main virulence factor -
ability to form persistent biofilms

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12
Q

describe S saprophyticus

A

Acute cystitis
haemagglutinin for adhesion
urease

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13
Q

what do you look at after identifying whether bacteria is in chains or clusters

A

haemolysis on blood agar

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14
Q

what is B haemolysis

A

complete clearing/lysis of blood agar around the bacteria

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15
Q

what is A alpha

A

only a bit of clearing on blood agar around the bacteria (partial clearing)

there is a green tint to it

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16
Q

what is sero grouping

A

only applies to B haemolysis

classifies them

based on the carbohydrate expressed on cell surface antigens

17
Q

2 types of B haemolytic sero grouping

A

group A - S pyogenes - important pathogen

group B - S agalactiae- neonatal infections

18
Q

virulence factors for S pyogenes

A

exported factors - enzymes and toxins

surface factors - capsule and M protein

19
Q

infections caused by S pyogenes

A

wound infections
tonsillitis and pharyngitis
otitis media
impetigo
scarlet fever

complicates - rheumatic fever & glomerulonephritis

20
Q

what is black on an chest x ray

A

air

21
Q

what is white on a chest x ray

A

gunk that shouldnt be there

22
Q

signs of streptococcus pneumonia

A

cough
severe pain in chest
rust coloured sputum

23
Q

causes of S pneumonieae

A

pneumonia
otitis media
sinusitis
meningitis

24
Q

predisposing factors for S pneumonia

A

impaired mucus trapping
hypogammaglbulinaemia
asplenia

25
Q

virulence factors for S pneumonia

A

capsule
inflammatory wall constituent
cytotoxin

26
Q

describe alpha haemolytic vidridans group streptococci

A

can cause dental caries and abscesses
important in infective endocarditis
case deep organ abscesses

27
Q

3 gram positive bacilli

A

listeria monocytogenes
bacillus anthracite
corynebacterium diptheriae

28
Q

3 types of clostridia (gram positive bacilli0

A

c tetani

c botulinum

c. difficile

29
Q

describe clostridia

A

spore forming
survive in environment
produce toxins

30
Q

how do gram positive stain

A

Gram positive bacteria retain the colour of the crystal violet stain in the gram stain (because they have a cell wall composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan).

They stain purple.

31
Q

3 classifications of streptococci

A

Haemolysis
Lancefield typing
Biochemical properties

32
Q

what is lancefield grouping

A

a method of grouping catalyse negative, coagulase negative bacteria based on bacterial carbohydrate cell surface antigens

33
Q

what arw the important gram positive bacteria

A

S.aureus, S.epidermis, S.pyogenes, S.pneumoniae, viridans streptococci, C.diphtheriae

34
Q

how are gram psoitive bacteria spread

A

aerosols, surface-to-surface contact, colonization of prostheses

35
Q

how to manage gram psoitive bacteria

A

antimicrobials and vaccination

intro to clinical sciences phase 2 (48 decks)

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