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intro to clinical sciences phase 2 > biology and classificaiono bacteriatf > Flashcards

biology and classificaiono bacteriatf Flashcards

1
Q

define pathogen

A

organism that causes or is capable of causing disease

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2
Q

define commensalism

A

organism which colonises the host but causes no disease in normal circumstance

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3
Q

define opportunist pathogen

A

microbe that only causes disease if host defences are compromised

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4
Q

define virulence/pathogenicity

A

the degree to which a given organism is pathogenic

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5
Q

define asymptomatic carriage

A

when a pathogen is carried harmlessly at a tissue site where it causes no disease

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6
Q

3 areas that need to be kept microbe free

A

gall bladder
lungs
kidney

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7
Q

how can bacteria look

A
  1. coccus (spherical)
  2. bacillus (rod)
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8
Q

describe stain of gram positive bacteria

A

purple

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9
Q

describe cell membrane of gram positive bacteria

A

double cell membrane

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10
Q

what colour does gram negative bacteria stain

A

pink

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11
Q

describe cell membrane of gram negative bacteria

A

2 cell membranes

an inner and outer membrane, which are separated by lipoprotein, periplasmic space and peptidoglycan

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12
Q

structure of gram positive bacteria

A

cytoplasmic membrane - single membrane made of lipids

peptidoglycan - this links to membrane via liptotechoic acid

capsule at top

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13
Q

structure of gram negative bacteria

A

double membrane - inner and outer

in between membranes:
lipoprotein, periplasmic space, peptidoglycan

lipopolysaccharide in middle

capsule at top

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14
Q

describe bacterial environment

A

temp
<-80C to +80C

ph
<4-9

water/desiccation
2 hours - 3 months

light
UV

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15
Q

growth rate of most viruses

A

more than an hour doubling rate

in cells

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16
Q

growth rate of e. coli, S aureus

A

20-30 mins doubling rate

in broth or solid media

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17
Q

growth rate of mycobacterium TB

A

24 hours doubling rate

in broth or media

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18
Q

growth rate of fungi

A

30 min doubling rate

in broth or media

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19
Q

growth rate of mycobacterium leprosariums

A

2 weeks doubling rate

in broth or media

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20
Q

2 types of bacterial toxins

A

endotoxin

exotoxin

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21
Q

what are endotoxins

A

component of the outer membrane of bacteria, e.g. lipopolysaccharide in gram negative bacteria

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22
Q

what are exotoxins

A

secreted proteins of gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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23
Q

describe exotoxins

A

composition - protein
action - specific
effect of heat- labile
antigenicity - strong
produced by - gram positive & gram negative
convertibility to toxoid - yes

24
Q

describe endotoxins

A

composition - lipopolysaccardie
action - non specific
effect of heat- stable
antigenicity - weak
produced by -LPS - gram negative
convertibility to toxoid - no

25
how big is bacterial chromosome
typically 2-4 x103 kb
26
structure of plasmid
transfer promotion genes plasmid maintenance genes antibiotic or virulence determinant genes
27
2 types of genetic variation in bacteria
mutation gene transfer
28
3 types of mutations
base substitution deletion insertion
29
3 types of gene transfer
transformation eg via plasmid transduction eg via phage conjugation eg via sex pilus
30
describe transduction
bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) mediate transfer of DNA between via transduction, whereby DNA from a donor bacterium is packaged into a virus particle and transferred into a recipient bacterium during infection
31
describe transformation
some bacteria are abel to take up free DNA from the environment and incorporate it into their chromosome
32
describe conjugation
the mechanism of gene transfer responsible for the most concerning aspects of anti microbial resistance a sex pilus (small tube) forms between two bacterial cells through which a plasmid is transferred from one tot he other
33
first step of classification of bacteria
obligate intracellular bacteria OR bacteria that may be cultured on artificial media
34
3 types of obligate intracellular bacteria
Rickettsia Chlamydia Coxiella
35
how to classify bacteria that may be cultured on artificial media
with a cell wall OR no cell wall
36
which bacteria that may be cultured on artificial media have no cell wall
molllicutes
37
how to classify bacteria with a cell wall
growing as single cells OR growing as filaments
38
3 examples of bacteria growing and filaments
actinomyces nocardia streptomyces
39
3 types of bacteria growing as single cells
rods cocci spirochaetes
40
3 types of spirochatees
leptospira treponema borrelia
41
what are the gram negative cocci
anaerobic - veillonella aerobic - neisseria
42
what are the gram positive cocci
aerobic - staphylococcus & streptococcus anaerobic - peptostreptococcus
43
types of streptococcus
beta - haemolytic alpha haemolytic non haemolytic enteroccocus
44
6 bacterial morphology
diplococcus chain of cocci cluster of cocci chain of rods curved rod spiral rod
45
which bacteria stain with ziehl- neelsen stain
mycobacteria eg M TB
46
anaerobic gram positive rods
clostridium proniobacterium
47
aerobic gram positive rods
corynebacterium listeria bacillus
48
anaerobic gram negative rods
bacteroides
49
aerobic gram negative rods
coliforms pseudomonads vibrio parvobacteria
50
how to do gram stain
1. Apply a primary stain such as crystal violet (purple) to heat fixed bacteria 2. Add iodide which binds to crystal violet and helps fix it to the cell wall 3. Decolourise with ethanol or acetone 4. Counterstain with safranin (pink)
51
what is coagulase test
Distinguishes S.aureus from other staphylococci – coagulase positive
52
what is alpha haemolysis
haemolysis causing by production of hydrogen peroxide oxidising haemoglobin – the agar appears green
53
what is beta haemolysis
haemolysis results because of lysis of red blood cells by haemolysis such as Streptolysin O produced by S.pyogenes
54
what is gamma haemolysis
haemolysis implies no haemolysis
55
what is oxidase test
Tests if micro-organism contains a cytochrome oxidase – implies organism able to use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
56

intro to clinical sciences phase 2 (48 decks)

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