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intro to clinical sciences phase 2 > biology and classificaiono bacteriatf > Flashcards

biology and classificaiono bacteriatf Flashcards

1
Q

define pathogen

A

organism that causes or is capable of causing disease

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2
Q

define commensalism

A

organism which colonises the host but causes no disease in normal circumstance

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3
Q

define opportunist pathogen

A

microbe that only causes disease if host defences are compromised

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4
Q

define virulence/pathogenicity

A

the degree to which a given organism is pathogenic

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5
Q

define asymptomatic carriage

A

when a pathogen is carried harmlessly at a tissue site where it causes no disease

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6
Q

3 areas that need to be kept microbe free

A

gall bladder
lungs
kidney

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7
Q

how can bacteria look

A
  1. coccus (spherical)
  2. bacillus (rod)
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8
Q

describe stain of gram positive bacteria

A

purple

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9
Q

describe cell membrane of gram positive bacteria

A

double cell membrane

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10
Q

what colour does gram negative bacteria stain

A

pink

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11
Q

describe cell membrane of gram negative bacteria

A

2 cell membranes

an inner and outer membrane, which are separated by lipoprotein, periplasmic space and peptidoglycan

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12
Q

structure of gram positive bacteria

A

cytoplasmic membrane - single membrane made of lipids

peptidoglycan - this links to membrane via liptotechoic acid

capsule at top

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13
Q

structure of gram negative bacteria

A

double membrane - inner and outer

in between membranes:
lipoprotein, periplasmic space, peptidoglycan

lipopolysaccharide in middle

capsule at top

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14
Q

describe bacterial environment

A

temp
<-80C to +80C

ph
<4-9

water/desiccation
2 hours - 3 months

light
UV

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15
Q

growth rate of most viruses

A

more than an hour doubling rate

in cells

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16
Q

growth rate of e. coli, S aureus

A

20-30 mins doubling rate

in broth or solid media

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17
Q

growth rate of mycobacterium TB

A

24 hours doubling rate

in broth or media

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18
Q

growth rate of fungi

A

30 min doubling rate

in broth or media

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19
Q

growth rate of mycobacterium leprosariums

A

2 weeks doubling rate

in broth or media

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20
Q

2 types of bacterial toxins

A

endotoxin

exotoxin

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21
Q

what are endotoxins

A

component of the outer membrane of bacteria, e.g. lipopolysaccharide in gram negative bacteria

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22
Q

what are exotoxins

A

secreted proteins of gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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23
Q

describe exotoxins

A

composition - protein
action - specific
effect of heat- labile
antigenicity - strong
produced by - gram positive & gram negative
convertibility to toxoid - yes

24
Q

describe endotoxins

A

composition - lipopolysaccardie
action - non specific
effect of heat- stable
antigenicity - weak
produced by -LPS - gram negative
convertibility to toxoid - no

25
Q

how big is bacterial chromosome

A

typically 2-4 x103 kb

26
Q

structure of plasmid

A

transfer promotion genes

plasmid maintenance genes

antibiotic or virulence determinant genes

27
Q

2 types of genetic variation in bacteria

A

mutation

gene transfer

28
Q

3 types of mutations

A

base substitution
deletion
insertion

29
Q

3 types of gene transfer

A

transformation eg via plasmid
transduction eg via phage
conjugation eg via sex pilus

30
Q

describe transduction

A

bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) mediate transfer of DNA between via transduction, whereby DNA from a donor bacterium is packaged into a virus particle and transferred into a recipient bacterium during infection

31
Q

describe transformation

A

some bacteria are abel to take up free DNA from the environment and incorporate it into their chromosome

32
Q

describe conjugation

A

the mechanism of gene transfer responsible for the most concerning aspects of anti microbial resistance

a sex pilus (small tube) forms between two bacterial cells through which a plasmid is transferred from one tot he other

33
Q

first step of classification of bacteria

A

obligate intracellular bacteria
OR
bacteria that may be cultured on artificial media

34
Q

3 types of obligate intracellular bacteria

A

Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Coxiella

35
Q

how to classify bacteria that may be cultured on artificial media

A

with a cell wall
OR
no cell wall

36
Q

which bacteria that may be cultured on artificial media have no cell wall

A

molllicutes

37
Q

how to classify bacteria with a cell wall

A

growing as single cells
OR
growing as filaments

38
Q

3 examples of bacteria growing and filaments

A

actinomyces
nocardia
streptomyces

39
Q

3 types of bacteria growing as single cells

A

rods
cocci
spirochaetes

40
Q

3 types of spirochatees

A

leptospira
treponema
borrelia

41
Q

what are the gram negative cocci

A

anaerobic - veillonella

aerobic - neisseria

42
Q

what are the gram positive cocci

A

aerobic - staphylococcus & streptococcus

anaerobic - peptostreptococcus

43
Q

types of streptococcus

A

beta - haemolytic

alpha haemolytic

non haemolytic

enteroccocus

44
Q

6 bacterial morphology

A

diplococcus
chain of cocci
cluster of cocci
chain of rods
curved rod
spiral rod

45
Q

which bacteria stain with ziehl- neelsen stain

A

mycobacteria eg M TB

46
Q

anaerobic gram positive rods

A

clostridium

proniobacterium

47
Q

aerobic gram positive rods

A

corynebacterium

listeria

bacillus

48
Q

anaerobic gram negative rods

A

bacteroides

49
Q

aerobic gram negative rods

A

coliforms

pseudomonads

vibrio

parvobacteria

50
Q

how to do gram stain

A
  1. Apply a primary stain such as crystal violet (purple) to heat fixed bacteria
  2. Add iodide which binds to crystal violet and helps fix it to the cell wall
  3. Decolourise with ethanol or acetone
  4. Counterstain with safranin (pink)
51
Q

what is coagulase test

A

Distinguishes S.aureus from other staphylococci – coagulase positive

52
Q

what is alpha haemolysis

A

haemolysis causing by production of hydrogen peroxide oxidising haemoglobin – the agar appears green

53
Q

what is beta haemolysis

A

haemolysis results because of lysis of red blood cells by haemolysis such as Streptolysin O produced by S.pyogenes

54
Q

what is gamma haemolysis

A

haemolysis implies no haemolysis

55
Q

what is oxidase test

A

Tests if micro-organism contains a cytochrome oxidase – implies organism able to use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor

56
Q
A

intro to clinical sciences phase 2 (48 decks)

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