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intro to clinical sciences phase 2 > inflammation > Flashcards

inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

what is inflammation

A

a reaction/response to injury or infection involving cells such as neutrophils and macrophages

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2
Q

when is inflammation good

A

infection
injury

inflammatory process fights off infection and repairs injuries

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3
Q

when is inflammation bad

A

autoimmunity
when it is an over reaction to the stimulus

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4
Q

how is inflammation good like what does it do

A

Destruction of invading microorganisms and the walling off of an abscess cavity thereby preventing the spread of infection

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5
Q

two types of inflammation

A

acute
chronic

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6
Q

describe acute inflammation

A

sudden onset
short duration
usually resolves

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7
Q

describe chronic inflammation

A

slow onset or sequel to acute
long duration
may never resolve

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8
Q

what cells are involved in inflammation (5)

A

neutrophil polymorphs
macrophages
lymphocytes
endothelial cells
fibroblasts

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9
Q

main cell in acute inflammation

A

neutrophils

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10
Q

main cell in chronic inflammation

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

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11
Q

what are neutrophils

A

mobile bags of enzymes with vesicles that contain enzymes to kill things
move around and latch onto things and then release enzymes

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12
Q

describe neutrophil polymorphs

A

short lived
first on the scene of acute inflammation
cytoplasmic granules full of enzymes that kill bacteria
usually die on the scene of inflammation
release chemicals that attract other inflammatory cells such as macrophages

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13
Q

describe macrophages

A

long lived cells (weeks to months)
phagocytic properties
ingest bacteria and debris
may carry debris away
may present antigen to lymphocytes

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14
Q

describe lymphocytes

A

long lived cells (years)
produce chemicals which attract in other inflammatory cells
immunological memory for past infections and antigens

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15
Q

describe endothelial cells

A

line capillary blood vessels in areas of inflammation
become sticky in areas of inflammation so inflammatory cells can stick to them
become porous to allow inflammatory cells to pass into tissues
grow into areas of damage to form new capillary vessels

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16
Q

describe fibroblasts

A

long lived cells
form collagen in areas of chronic inflammation and repair

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17
Q

describe acute appendicitis

A

unknown precipitating factor
neutrophils appear
blood vessels dilate
inflammation of serosal surface occurs
pain felt
appendix either surgically removed or inflammation resolves or appendix bursts with generalised peritonitis and possible death

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18
Q

example of acute inflammation

A

acute appendicitis

19
Q

example of chronic inflammation

A

tuberculosis

20
Q

describe tuberculosis

A

no initial acute inflammation
mycobacteria ingested by macrophages
macrophages often fail to kill the mycobacteria
lymphocytes appear
macrophages appear
fibrosis occurs

21
Q

what are granulomas

A

a collection of macrophages tryna kill something but not very effectively
surrounded by lymphocytes

22
Q

what does ice do to inflammation

A

causes sphincter muscles on capillaries to shut
reduces swelling and inflammation

23
Q

what is granulation tissue

A

an important component of healing and comprises small blood vessels in a connective tissue matrix with myofibroblasts

24
Q

what do u use antihistamine tablet or cream for

A

mosquito bites

25
Q

what do granulomas look like

A

epithelioid macrophages (look like epithelial cells) – bundles of macrophages

26
Q

how does antihistamine work

A

histamine is a chemical mediator of acute inflammation

27
Q

how do ibuprofen or aspirin work

A

inhibit prostaglandin synthethase
prostaglandin is chemical mediator of inflammation

28
Q

what do cortico steroids do

A

they are anti inflammatory
bind to DNA

29
Q

example of steroid cream

A

betnovate

30
Q

how to treat impetigo

A

antibiotics

31
Q

examples of when inflammation is bad

A

An abscess in the brain would act as a space-occupying lesion compressing vital surrounding structures

Fibrosis resulting from chronic inflammation may distort the tissues and permanently alter their function

32
Q

define acute inflammation

A

the initial and often transient series of tissue reactions to injury

33
Q

4 steps of acute inflammation

A
  • Initial reaction of tissue to injury
  • Vascular component: dilation of vessels
  • Exudative component: vascular leakage of protein-rich fluid
  • Neutrophil polymorph (white blood cell) is the characteristic cell recruited to the
    tissue
34
Q

4 outcomes of acute inflammation

A

resolution
suppuration
organisation
progression to chronic inflammation

35
Q

what does resolution mean

A

the complete restoration of the tissues to normal after an episode of acute inflammation

36
Q

what does suppuration mean

A

pus formation eg abscess

37
Q

what does organisation mean

A
  1. healing by fibrosis (scar formation)
  2. when there is substantial
    damage to the connective tissue framework and/or the tissue lacks
    the ability to regenerate specialised cells
  3. dead tissues and acute inflammatory exudate are
    fist removed from the damaged areas by macrophages
  4. The defect then becomes filled by the ingrowth of a specialised
    vascular connective tissue - granulation tissue
    5.The granulation tissue then gradually produces collagen to form a fibrous (collagenous) scar constituting the process of repair
38
Q

what is pus made of

A

a mixture of living, dying and dead neutrophils and bacteria, cellular debris and globules of lipid.

39
Q

what 3 processes are involved in tbe response to acute inflammation

A

Changes in vessel calibre and flow

Increased vascular permeability and formation of the fluid exudate

Formation of the cellular exudate – emigration of the neutrophil polymorphs into the extravascular space

40
Q

6 causes of acute inflammation

A
  • Microbial infections e.g. viruses
  • Hypersensitivity reactions e.g. parasites
  • Physical agents e.g. trauma/ radiation
  • Chemicals e.g. corrosives/ acids
  • Bacterial toxins
  • Tissue necrosis e.g. ischaemic infarction
41
Q

define chronic inflammation

A

the subsequent and often prolonged tissue reactions following the initial response

42
Q

4 causes of chronic inflammation

A
  • Primary chronic inflammation
  • Transplant rejection
  • Progression from acute inflammation
  • Recurrent episodes of acute inflammation
43
Q
A

intro to clinical sciences phase 2 (48 decks)

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