carcinogenesis Flashcards
define carcinogenesis
the transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations
what does carcinogenesis apply to
malignant neoplasms
define oncogenesis
the development of benign and malignant tumours
is carcinogenesis a multi step or one step process
multi step
define carcinogens
Agents known or suspected to cause tumours
define carcinogenic
cancer causing
define oncogenic
tumour causing
why are carcinogens mutagenic
they act on DNA
which cancer has smoking got a strong incidence with
lung cancer
what does bladder cancer have an increased incidence in
increased incidence in aniline dye and rubber industries
what does scrotal cancer have an increased incidence in
chimney sweeps
What are the 5 classes of carcinogens
chemical
viral
ionising and non ionising
hormones, parasites and mycotoxins
miscalenneous
describe chemical carcinogens
no common structural features
some act directly
most require metabolic conversation from pro-carcinogens to ultimate carcinogens
enzyme required may be ubiquitous or confined to certain organs
describe Ionising and non-ionising radiation
Exposure to UVA or UVB
Ionising radiation
Long term effect
impact of radiation on radiographers
skin cancer
impact of radiation on uranium miners
lung cancer
impact of radiation on ukranian children
thyroid cancer
what percent of cancer risks are inherited
15%
define host factor
the traits of an individual person or animal that affect susceptibility to disease
give 5 host factors for carcinogenesis
race
diet
constitutional factors - age, gender
premalignant conditions
transplacental exposure
impact of race on skin cancer
decreased skin cancer in black people due to melanin
impact of race on oral cancer
Increased oral cancer in India, SE Asia due to reverse smoking
impact of age on cancer
incidence increases with age
impact of Premalignant conditions
on cancer
Identifiable local abnormality associated with increased risk of malignancy at that site e.g. colonic polyps, undescended testis, cervical dysplasia
what cancers does alcohol increase risk of
mouth
oesophagus
liver
colon
breast
what cancers does obesity increase the risk of
breast
oesophagus
colon
kidney
what cancers does exercise reduce the risk of
colon
breast
what does unprotected sex increase risk of
HPV related cancer
(cervix, penis, oesophagus)
