carcinogenesis

Question 1

define carcinogenesis

Answer 1

the transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations

Question 2

what does carcinogenesis apply to

Answer 2

malignant neoplasms

Question 3

define oncogenesis

Answer 3

the development of benign and malignant tumours

Question 4

is carcinogenesis a multi step or one step process

Answer 4

multi step

Question 5

define carcinogens

Answer 5

Agents known or suspected to cause tumours

Question 6

define carcinogenic

Answer 6

cancer causing

Question 7

define oncogenic

Answer 7

tumour causing

Question 8

why are carcinogens mutagenic

Answer 8

they act on DNA

Question 9

which cancer has smoking got a strong incidence with

Answer 9

lung cancer

Question 10

what does bladder cancer have an increased incidence in

Answer 10

increased incidence in aniline dye and rubber industries

Question 11

what does scrotal cancer have an increased incidence in

Answer 11

chimney sweeps

Question 12

What are the 5 classes of carcinogens

Answer 12

chemical
viral
ionising and non ionising
hormones, parasites and mycotoxins
miscalenneous

Question 13

describe chemical carcinogens

Answer 13

no common structural features
some act directly
most require metabolic conversation from pro-carcinogens to ultimate carcinogens
enzyme required may be ubiquitous or confined to certain organs

Question 14

describe Ionising and non-ionising radiation

Answer 14

Exposure to UVA or UVB
Ionising radiation
Long term effect

Question 15

impact of radiation on radiographers

Answer 15

skin cancer

Question 16

impact of radiation on uranium miners

Answer 16

lung cancer

Question 17

impact of radiation on ukranian children

Answer 17

thyroid cancer

Question 18

what percent of cancer risks are inherited

Answer 18

15%

Question 19

define host factor

Answer 19

the traits of an individual person or animal that affect susceptibility to disease

Question 20

give 5 host factors for carcinogenesis

Answer 20

race
diet
constitutional factors - age, gender
premalignant conditions
transplacental exposure

Question 21

impact of race on skin cancer

Answer 21

decreased skin cancer in black people due to melanin

Question 22

impact of race on oral cancer

Answer 22

Increased oral cancer in India, SE Asia due to reverse smoking

Question 23

impact of age on cancer

Answer 23

incidence increases with age

Question 24

impact of Premalignant conditions
on cancer

Answer 24

Identifiable local abnormality associated with increased risk of malignancy at that site e.g. colonic polyps, undescended testis, cervical dysplasia

Question 25

what cancers does alcohol increase risk of

Answer 25

mouth
oesophagus
liver
colon
breast

Question 26

what cancers does obesity increase the risk of

Answer 26

breast
oesophagus
colon
kidney

Question 27

what cancers does exercise reduce the risk of

Answer 27

colon
breast

Question 28

what does unprotected sex increase risk of

Answer 28

HPV related cancer
(cervix, penis, oesophagus)