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intro to clinical sciences phase 2 > benign and malignant tumours > Flashcards

benign and malignant tumours Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tumour

A

any abnormal swelling

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2
Q

4 types of tumour

A

neoplasm
inflammation
hypertrophy
hyperplasia

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3
Q

define neoplasm

A

a lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed

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4
Q

4 features of a neoplasia

A
  1. autonomous
  2. abnormal
  3. persistent
  4. new growth
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5
Q

summary of neoplasms

A

Autonomous, abnormal, persistent new growths
Common
High mortality
Benign -> malignant
Tumours cells and stroma
Angiogenesis essential to growth

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6
Q

why study neoplasia

A

25% of population develop a neoplasm - not all malignant
all ages can suffer
risk increases with age
high mortality rate
account for 20% of all deaths

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7
Q

what is the most common cause of cancer death in males

A

LUNG

then prostate
then bowel

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8
Q

what neoplasms are usually borderline malignant

A

found in ovaries

either look benign but behave in a malignant way
or look malignant but behave in a benign way

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

most common cause of cancer death in females

A

LUNG

then breast
then bowel

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11
Q

what are the 2 components of a neoplasm structure

A

neoplastic cells
surrounding stroma

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12
Q

describe strutcure of neoplastic cells

A

derive from nucleated cells
usually monoclonal
growth pattern & synthetic activity related to parent cell (eg if from thyroid, will grow like thyroid, may even produce same hormone)

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13
Q

describe structure of stroma of neoplasm

A

made of connective tissue framework
gives mechanical support & nutrition

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14
Q

describe tumour angiogenesis

A
  1. trans formed cell
  2. a vascular tumour nodule
  3. vascularised tumour
  4. vascularised tumour with central necrosis

this is growth of tumour

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15
Q

describe angiogenesis in benign vs malignant

A

benign - neoplasm growth tends to keep up with blood supply

malignant - neoplasms grow faster and may grow faster than blood supply so middle of the tumour dies - central necrosis

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16
Q

why do we classsify neoplasms

A

to determine appropriate treatment
to provide prognostic info
to aid communication

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17
Q

what are the 2 ways to classify neoplasms

A

behavioural - benign/malignant

histogenetic - cell of origin

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18
Q

what are the 3 behavioural classifications of neoplasms

A

benign

borderline

malignant

19
Q

describe benign neoplasms

A
  • localised, non invasive
  • slow growth rate
  • low mitotic activity
  • close resemblance to normal tissue
  • circumscribed or encapsulated
20
Q

2 examples of benign neoplasms

A

Fibroid
Tubulovillous adenoma

21
Q

describe histology of benign neoplasm

A

nuclear morphometry often normal
necrosis rare
ulceration rare
growth on mucosal surfaces usually exophytic - up and outwards

22
Q
A
23
Q

why should we worry about benign neoplasms

A

they can still cause morbidity and mortality
through diff ways:
1. pressure on adjacent structures
2. obstruct flow
3. produce hormones
4. transform to malignant neoplasm
5. anxiety

24
Q

describe malignant neoplasms

A
  • invasive (defining feature)
  • metastases (not all metastasise)
  • rapid growth rate
  • variable resemblance to normal tissue
  • poorly defined or irregular border
25
Q

describe histology of malignant neoplasms

A

Hyperchromatic nuclei - darker than normal
Pleomorphic nuclei - larger than normal
Increased mitotic activity
Necrosis and ulceration common
Growth on mucosal surfaces and skin
often endophytic

26
Q

examples of malignant neoplasms

A

Prostate cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma

27
Q

why worry about malignant neoplasms

A

cause morbidity and mortality
because of:
1. destruction of adjacent tissue
2. metastases
3. blood loss from ulcers
4. obstruct flow
5. produce hormones
6. paraneoplastic effects
7. anxiety and pain

28
Q

define histogenesis

A

the specific cell of origin of a neoplasm

histopathologist examination required
specifies neoplasm type

29
Q

what can neoplasms arise from (3)

A

epithelial cells

connective tissue

lymphoid/haematopoetic organs

30
Q

nomenclature of neoplasms

A

Suffix: ‘-oma’
Prefix: depends on behavioural classification and cell type

31
Q

what is a papilloma

A

a benign neoplasm of non-glandular non secretory epithelium

prefix with cell type of origin eg squamos cell papilloma

32
Q

what is an adenoma

A

a benign neoplasm of glandular or secretory epithelium

prefix with cell type of origin eg thyroid adenoma, colonic adenoma

33
Q

definition of carcinoma

A

malignant epithelial neoplasm

34
Q

what are adenocarcinomas

A

all carcinomas of glandular epithelium

35
Q

how are benign connective tissue neoplasms named

A

according to cell type of origin, suffixed by ‘oma’
lipoma - adipocutes
chondroma - cartilage
osteoma- bone
angloma- vascular
rhabdomyoma - striated muscle
leiomyoma - smooth muscle (common)
neuroma - nerves

36
Q

how are malignant connective tissue neoplasms named

A

Sarcoma’ prefixed by cell type of origin:
Liposarcoma: adipose tissue
Rhabdomyosarcoma: striated muscle
Leiomyosarcoma: smooth muscle
Chrondrosarcoma: cartilage
Osteosarcoma: bone
Angiosarcoma: blood vessels

37
Q

how are malignant neoplasms carcinomas and sarcomas further classified

A

by how closely they resemble normal tissue (degree of differentiation)

38
Q

what is an anaplastic neoplasm

A

where the cell type of origin cannot be determined

39
Q

exceptions to nomenclature rules

A

Not all ‘-omas’ are neoplasms
* e.g. granuloma, mycetoma, tuberculoma

Not all malignant neoplasms are carcinomas or sarcomas, e.g.:
* Melanoma: malignant neoplasm of melanocytes
* Mesothelioma: malignant neoplasm of mesothelial cells
* Lymphoma: malignant neoplasm of lymphoid cells

Embryonal tumours
Mixed tumours
APUDomas
Carcinosarcomas

40
Q

what are Eponymously named neoplasms (exceptions)

A
  • Burkitt lymphoma
    • Ewing sarcoma
    • Grawitz tumour
    • Kaposi sarcoma
41
Q

what are blastomas

A

neoplasms that represent embryonic toissue

42
Q

what are teratomas

A

neoplasms containing tissues from all 3 embryological layers

these are also an exception to nomenclature rules

43
Q

what are all sarcomas

A

malignancies of connective tissue

44
Q
A

intro to clinical sciences phase 2 (48 decks)

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