Nose Flashcards
nose is the uppermost part of the respiratory tract
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T
Nose contains the peripheral organ of ____.
- The Greek Word for nose is _____.
- Thus the study of the nose and its diseases is termed ______.
smell
rhinos
rhinology
functions of the nose includes Vocal resonance.
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Nose is involved in Nasal reflex functions (e.g., _____).
T
sneezing
EXTERNAL NOSE
Skin of the nose
- (thin or thick?)
- (tightly or loosely?) attached to the underlying structures,hence it is ____
Thin
Loosely
freely mobile.
Skin of the external nose Over the apex and alae, is (thinner or thicker?) and more adherent and contains large sebaceous glands, whose orifices are usually very distinct.
-The (hypertrophy or hypotrophy?) of these sebaceous glands gives rise to a lobulated tumor—the ____.
Thicker
Hypertrophy
rhinophyma
Skeleton of the nose
-_____-third of the external nose is bony and ___–third is cartilaginous.
upper one
lower two
____bones forming the bridge of the nose and ____ process of the_____
2 nasal
frontal
maxillae
The two nasal bones meet in the midline and rest on the upper part of the ____ process of the ____ bone.
nasal
frontal
the nasal bones are held together between the ___ processes of the_____.
frontal
maxillae
The bony part of external nose terminates in front and below as the _________.
piriform aperture
The cartilaginous framework of the nose is formed by ____ main cartilages and several additional tiny ones.
five
The five main cartilages of the nose are as follows: ______ cartilages, ______cartilage,____ cartilages.
Two Superior lateral
A single median septal
Two major inferior alar
Nasal Cavity
- interior of the nose is divided into right and left nasal cavities by a_____
- nasal cavity communicates with the exterior through ______
- communicates with the nasopharynx through the posterior nasal aperture (or the____)
nasal septum
nostril (or naris)
choana
Each nasal cavity is divided into two portions: (a) a small _____ part lined by ___,called the _____ and (b) a large ____ part lined by ______, called the ______
anteroinferior; skin; vestibule
posterosuperior;mucosa; nasal cavity proper.
Vestibule of the nose
- (Superior or inferior?) to nostrils
- lined by ___ that is lined with Sebaceous glands,Greasy secretion,Collect dirt,Lubricate,Kill bacteria
- Its upper limit on the lateral wall of nasal cavity is marked by _____.
- Its medial wall is formed by a (immobile or mobile?) _____.
Superior
skin
limen nasi
Mobile; columella
Sweat glands are (Acidic or alkaline?) and Slows growth of bacteria
Acidic
_____ of the nose Trap small particles of dirt
Hair follicles
Vibrissae are Nose hairs that Filter (large or small?) particles (eg _____)
Large
Insects
NASAL CAVITY PROPER
Boundries:
Roof
-very (narrow or broad?) in front
-is horizontal in the middle third where it is formed by the ______
-Anterior third , slopes down and forward(nasal spine of____ , nasal bone, junction of___ and ____ cartilages)
-posterior third also slopes down(anterior surfaces of _____)
Narrow
cribriform plate of the ethmoid.
frontal
septal and lateral
body of sphenoid
Roof of nasal cavity widens to about ____ cm near the ______.
1
choanae
NASAL CAVITY PROPER Boundries: Floor -\_\_\_\_with its\_\_\_ process);Anterior\_\_/4 -\_\_\_\_((vertical or horizontal plate?)):posterior\_\_/4
maxilla
palatine
3
palatine
Horizontal
1
NASAL CAVITY PROPER
Boundries:
Medial
- nasal septum
- bony part of septum is by _____and___
- cartilagenous part is by ____cartilage, and___ process of the ____ cartilages
perpendicular plate of ethmoid
vomer
Anterior septal
septal
2 alar
Nasal septum is made of only bone
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F
It’s osseocartilagenous
The nasal septum is rarely in the ____ line,usually bulges to the ____side
median
right
NASAL CAVITY PROPER
Boundries:
Lateral walls
– nasal bones,___,frontal process of maxilla
-superior and middle nasal conchae (____bone)
-inferior nasal conchae
-____plate of palatine bone
-(lateral or medial?) pterygoid plate of sphenoid
-lateral nasal cartilage
-(major or minor?) alar cartilage
lacrimal
ethmoid
perpendicular
Medial
Both😬
Palates
- Hard palate- ____bones and____ bone
- Soft palate-Muscular posterior portion
Palatine
maxillary
Feature of lateral wall of nasal cavity
Middle part:
- atrium of the ___ meatus
- is limited above by a faint ridge of mucous membrane, the _____.
- The curved mucocutaneous junction between the ____ and ____ is known as ____.
Posterior
- conchae or____.
- spaces separating the conchae are called ___.
middle
agger nasi
atrium and vestibule
limen nasi
turbinates; meatuses
Nasal Conchae
- aka ____
- projects (medially or laterally?) and (upwards or downwards ?)
- Below and lateral to each concha is a corresponding ______.
- From above downwards the conchae are superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae.
- Sometimes a 4th concha, the concha ____ is also present.
- Functions to Filter air, Heat air, Moisten air and Reclaim heat and moisture during exhalation
turbinates
Medially
Downwards
meatus
suprema
____concha is smallest and_____ concha is largest in size.
superior
inferior
MEATUSES
- passages (recesses) beneath the overhanging conchae.
- A ___shaped depression, (above or below?) and (behind or infront of ?)the superior concha is known as the _____ recess
triangular
Above
Behind
sphenoethmoidal
Meatuses can be visualized without removing the conchae
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F
______meatus is the largest
Inferior
middle meatus has the following features
- Ethmoidal bulla (bulla ethmoidalis), a___ shape elevation produced by the underlying______
- Hiatus semilunaris, a (shallow or deep?) semicircular sulcus (below or above?) the bulla ethmoidalis.
- Infundibulum, a short passage at the (anterior or posterior ?) end of middle meatus
round
middle ethmoidal sinuses.
Deep
Below
Anterior
_____ meatus is the smallest
Superior
Openings of the lateral nasal wall
(1) Sphenoethmoidal recess: Opening of the ____ air sinus
(2) Superior meatus: Opening of the _____ air sinuses
(3) Inferior meatus: meatus Opening of the____ in the (anterior or posterior?)part of meatus
(4) Middle meatus
- On bulla:_____ air sinuses
- Anterior Hiatus Semilunaris:___ air sinus
- middle hiatus semilunaris: _____ air sinus
- posterior hiatus semilunaris : _____air sinus
sphenoidal
posterior ethmoidal
nasolacrimal duct
Anterior
middle ethmoidal
frontal
Anterior ethmoidal
maxillary
Lining of Nasal Cavity
Respiratory region of the nasal cavity:
- lined by respiratory epithelium (_____epithelium with ____ cells)
- contains a large number of cavernous spaces and sinusoids to (warm or cool?)the air.
- contains a large number of serous(makes air___ )and mucous glands(traps dust and other stuffs)
- cilia on its mucous Membrane sweeps the mucous into the____ where it is swallowed and eliminated by the____
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
goblet
Warm
moist
pharynx
GIT
Respiratory region of the nasal cavity is highly vascular
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T
Paranasal Sinuses
- ___filled cavities that surround the nasal cavity
- Lined by ___
- They are lined by a ______epithelium
- Located in_____,____,_____,____ bones
Air
mucosa
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Frontal; Ethmoid; Sphenoid; Maxilla
The paranasal air sinuses develop as_____ of the main nasal cavity invading the adjacent bones
mucosal diverticula
paranasal air sinuses are arranged in pairs except the _____ air sinuses, which are arranged in___ groups:
list them
ethmoidal
three
viz. anterior, middle, and posterior
The sinuses exhibit two spurts of growth, viz:First around ___years (during the______)
Second at_____.
7–8 ;eruption of the teeth
puberty
All the paranasal air sinuses are present in rudimentary form at birth except the _____ air sinuses, which_____
frontal
start developing 2 or 3 years after birth.
The relationship of the paranasal sinuses to the orbit
____air sinus above
____air sinus below
____ air sinus medial to
_____air sinus behind
frontal
maxillary
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
FUNCTIONS of paranasal sinuses
- Make the skull (lighter or heavier?)
- Act as air conditioning chambers by adding____and ____ to the inspired air
Lighter
humidity and temperature
Paranasal sinuses Add resonance to the voice
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Paranasal sinuses Aid in the growth of facial skeleton after birth
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CLASSIFICATION of paranasal sinuses
- Anterior group: It includes those sinuses, which drain into the middle meatus, and they are: ___, ____,____, and____ sinuses
- Posterior group: It includes those sinuses, which do not drain into the middle meatus, viz. _____ and ____ air sinuses.
Frontal
anterior ethmoidal
middle ethmoidal
maxillary
posterior ethmoidal
sphenoidal
FRONTAL SINUS
- lies between the __ and ____tables of the frontal bone
- deep to medial part of the_____
- They are____ in shape.
- The right and left sinuses are usually(equal or unequal?) in size
- The right is frequently ( larger or smaller?) than the left and separated from it by a____.
- Each sinus drains into the ____ part of the hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus through ____ duct.
inner and outer
superciliary arch.
triangular
Unequal
Larger
septum
anterior
frontonasal
Frontal sinuse is often symmetrical.
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F
Rarely symmetrical
RELATIONS of frontal sinus
- Anterior wall-____
- Posterior wall -___ and ____
- Inferior wall -____ of nose, ___ of orbit (medial part), and ____ air cells.
- inmervated by ____ nerve
superciliary arch of forehead
meninges and frontal lobe
root; roof
ethmoidal
supraorbital
Ethmoid Sinus
- located between the (upper or lower?) part of the (medial or lateral?) nasal wall and the orbit.
- divided into the following three groups:
- Anterior, consisting of up to ___ cells.
- Middle, consisting of ___ cells but usually___ cells
- Posterior, consisting of ____ cells.
Upper
Lateral
11
1–3;3
1–7
First paranasal sinus to develop is the ____ sinus
Maxillary
Maxillary Sinus
- aka_____
- drains into the _____ part of hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus.
Development
- appears about the ___ month of intrauterine life
- is ____ at birth
- enlarges (slowly or rapidly?) during _-_years
- becomes fully developed at____ after the eruption of ____ teeth.
antrum of highmore
posterior
4th
rudimentary
Rapidly
6–7
puberty; permanent
of maxillary sinus
- _____in shape
- the base directed (medially or laterally?) towards the ___ wall of the nose
- apex (medially or laterally?) towards the___ bone.
pyramidal
Medially ; lateral
Laterally; zygomatic
Relations of maxillary sinus
- roof=_____ of ____
- Floor= ____ of ___and lies about___ cm below the floor of the nasal cavity. The level of the floor corresponds to the level of the ___ of nose.
floor of orbit
alveolar process of maxilla
1.25
ala
largest of paranasal air sinuses is ____
Maxillary
___of teeth can project into the floor of maxillary sinus mostly ___ and ___ —— and most rarely the____
roots
first and second molar
canine
Arterial Supply of maxillary sinus
-anterior, middle, and posterior ______ arteries from ____ and ____arteries.
superior alveolar
maxillary and infraorbital
Sphenoidal Sinus
- lie within the body of the sphenoid bone above
- lies infront of the nasal cavity.
- separated from each other by a cartilaginous septum
- The two sinuses are usually asymmetrical
T/F
T
F(behind)
F(bony)
T
Development of sphenoidal sinus
*Arise within the ____
nasal capsule
Sphenoidal sinus arises during development with or without pouch?
Without
Sphenoidal sinus begins to pneumatize by Age ___
3
Sphenoidal sinus is posteroinferior to sella turcica
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F
It’s anterior and inferior
Relations of sphenoidal sinus
-Above:____ and _____
-Below: Roof of the ____.
Lateral: ____ sinus and _____artery
Behind: ___ and____
In front: _____ recess
Pituitary gland and optic chiasma.
nasopharynx
Cavernous; internal carotid
Pons; medulla oblongata.
Sphenoethmoidal
Sphenoidal sinusitis:
- It is usually a part of ____
- or is associated with the infection of _______ sinuses.
- The infection of sphenoidal air sinuses spreading upwards may affect the____ and ___
pansinusitis
posterior ethmoidal
pituitary gland and optic chiasma.
Isolated sphenoidal sinusitis is common
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F
Ethmoidal sinusitis:
-The pain is localized over the____ of ____
bridge of nose
Ethmoidal sinusitis is often isolated from other sinuses.
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F
Frontal sinusitis:
- Infection of frontal air sinus may spread posteriorly into the ____ cranial fossa causing ___ lobe abscess
- infection may also spread downwards into the____ leading to ____
- The pain of frontal sinusitis is usually (mild or severe?) and localized over the affected sinus (frontal ____. It is also referred to as ‘’ because of its presence during ____.)
anterior; frontal
orbit; orbital cellulitis.
Severe
headache
office headache
office hours
Frontal sinus shows characteristic periodicity
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Frontal sinus Periodicity means it starts on ____, gradually ___eases and reaches its___ by about____ and then starts _____.
waking
incr
peak
midday
subsiding
Sinusitis:
- The infection of a paranasal air sinus is called sinusitis.
- Clinically it presents as: ___ and persistent____ from the nose.
headache
thick purulent discharge
In standard radiological images, the normal paranasal air sinuses are _____, whereas diseased paranasal sinuses show varying degree of_____
radiolucent
opacity
Examination of the nasal cavity (______):
-either through the nostril (_____) or through the pharynx (_____).
Rhinoscopy
anterior rhinoscopy
posterior rhinoscopy
Anterior rhinoscopy: things that can be visualized
___and__ conchae
______meatuses
______
_____of the nasal cavity.
Middle and inferior
Superior middle and inferior
Nasal septum
Floor
Posterior rhinoscopy: It is carried out by inserting a mirror into the____ . The following features can be visualized by this method ,______, ____concha,____
pharynx
posterior Nasal septum
superior
chonae
Rhinitis
- It is the inflammation of____ lining the nasal cavity.
- Clinically it presents as: nasal blockage, sneezing, and water discharge from nose (_____).
mucus membrane
rhinorrhea
The ___trophy of mucosa over____ concha is a common feature of allergic rhinitis.
hyper
inferior
Little’s area: It is an area in the____ part of the nasal septum just (above or below?) the vestibule. Here the septal branches of the anterior ethmoidal sphenopalatine, greater palatine, and superior labial arteries anastomose to form a vascular plexus called_____.
anteroinferior
Above
Kiesselbach’s plexus
Little’s area is highly vascular.
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The _____ area of nasal septum is the commonest site of ____ (aka _____) in children and young adults usually due to ____ trauma following___ of the nose.
Little’s
epistaxis
nose bleeding
finger nail
picking
Deviated nasal septum (DNS):
-if serious, can be fixed by ______ or _____
submucous resection
septoplasty
Deviated nasal septum (DNS) is rare
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Deviated nasal septum (DNS) occurs more in _____ gender
male than female
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF SEPTUM
- Septal branch of the ___ artery
- Septal branch of the _____artery
- Septal branch of the _____ artery
- Septal branch of the _____artery(maxillary)
- Septal branch of the _____artery(facial)
anterior ethmoidal
posterior ethmoidal
sphenopalatine
greater palatine
superior labial
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF LATERAL WALL
- Anterosuperior quadrant, by the____ artery
- Anteroinferior quadrant, by branches of ___ and ____ arteries.
- Posterosuperior quadrant, by ____ artery
- Posteroinferior quadrant, by branches of _____ artery, which pierces the perpendicular plate of palatine
anterior ethmoidal
facial; greater palatine
sphenopalatine; greater palatine
——- is the common site of venous bleeding in young individuals
Retrocolumellar veins
