LARYNX and PHONATION Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

LARYNX is the portion of the respiratory tract containing the——

vocal cords

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Larynx is——-long

2-inch

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Larynx is a——-shaped organ that opens into the ———above and is continuous with the——- below

tube

laryngeal part of the pharynx

trachea

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Relations of the larynx
Arteries:——-
Veins:——-
Nerve:—-

Carotid arteries, Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

jugular veins

Superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves, vagus nerve

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Structure of the larynx.

consists of four basic components:

A cartilaginous skeleton
Membranes and ligaments
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
Mucosal lining

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Cartilages of the larynx 
Single Cartilages:
—
—
—-
Paired Cartilages:
—
—
—

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis

Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform

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All the cartilages, except the——, are of —- type of cartilage

epiglottis

hyaline

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Epiglottis is formed of——- cartilage

elastic

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Thyroid Cartilage
-Has—— laminae
- meet in the—- and form a prominent angle, called——
-also form the superior thyroid notch at the—- margin of the thyroid cartilage
-The posterior border of each lamina forms———
——surface of each lamina shows an—- line which gives attachment to___,____ &_____
-The superior border of each lamina gives attachment to the——— membrane

two

midline; laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)

rostral

superior & inferior cornu (horns)

Outer ;oblique; thyrohyoid; sternothyroid; inferior constrictor of the pharynx

thyrohyoid

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Cricoid Cartilage

Lies—— the thyroid cartilage
Forms a—- ring
Has a—— anterior arch & a—— posterior lamina
Has an articular facet on its—— surface for articulation with——-(a—— joint)
Has an articular facet—— border for articulation with base of—— (a—— joint)

below

complete

narrow; broad

Lateral; inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage ; synovial

Upper; arytenoid cartilage; synovial

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Arytenoid Cartilages

paired
Small,—— in shape
Situated at the—- of the larynx
has a base articulating with the—- border of the—— cartilage
has An apex supporting the —-cartilage
has A—— process projecting forward, gives attachment to the——
has A——- process projecting——, gives attachment to muscles

pyramidal

back

upper; cricoid

corniculate

vocal; vocal ligament

muscular; laterally

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Corniculate & Cuneiform Cartilages

Corniculate Cartilages

Small nodules
Articulate with the—— of—— cartilages

Cuneiform Cartilages

Small—— shaped
placed in each——-, producing a——
Serve as support for the——

apices; arytenoid

rod

aryepiglottic fold; small elevation

ary-epiglottic fold

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The cuneiform cartilage articulates with the other cartilages.
T/F

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Epiglottis
——-shaped
-situated—— the—- of the tongue
-Connected In front to the ——-by the—— ligament
-and connected By its stalk to the——- by the—— ligament
-Upper edge is——.
-Laterally gives attachment to ——-
-Anteriorly—— is reflected onto the—- forming three—— &——

Leaf

behind; root

body of hyoid bone ; hyoepiglottic

back of thyroid cartilage; thyroepiglottic

free

aryepiglottic fold

mucosa; tongue; glossoepiglottic folds; valleculae

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List the 5 Ligaments of the larynx

median & lateral thyrohyoid ligaments
Median cricothyroid ligament
Hyoepiglottic ligament
Thyroepiglottic ligament

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List the 4Membranes of the larynx

Thyrohyoid membrane

Cricotracheal membrane

Quadrangular membrane

Cricothyroid membrane

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Quadrangular membrane:

Extends between the—- and the—- cartilages
Its lower free margin—— and forms the—- that lies within the——
extends from—— margin of—- to attach to the—- and—— cartilages
its superior edge is—— and is covered with ——of mucosa

epiglottis; arytenoid

thickens; vestibular ligament; vestibular fold

lateral; epiglottis; arytenoid; corniculate

also free; aryepiglottic fold

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Cricothyroid membrane

aka——
Lower margin is attached to—- border of—- cartilage
Upper free margin forms —-that is attached anteriorly to—— & posteriorly to the——-

conus elasticus

upper; cricoid

vocal ligament ; deep surface of thyroid cartilage; vocal process of arytenoid cartilage

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Laryngeal Inlet

Faces—— and——
opens into the—- part of the—-
The opening is bounded
Anteriorly: by the—— margin of——
Posteriorly & below by——-
Laterally by——-

backward; upward

laryngeal; pharynx

upper; epiglottis

arytenoid cartilages

aryepiglottic folds

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Laryngeal Cavity

Extends from—— to—- border of the——
Narrow in the region of the——(——-)
Narrowest in the region of the—-(——)
Divided into three parts:
Supraglottic part, the part above the——, is called the—-
The part between the—- & the—-, is called the—-
Infraglottic part, the part—— the——

laryngeal inlet; lower; cricoid cartilage

vestibular folds ; rima vestibuli

vocal folds ; rima glottidis

vestibular folds; vestibule

vestibular; vocal folds; ventricle

below; vocal folds

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Vestibular Part:

Extends from the—- to the—-
Below it becomes narrow as the—- project——-.
Each vestibular fold contains——

inlet; vestibular fold

vestibular folds; medially

vestibular ligament

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Lower Part of larynx

Extends from—- to—- border of—- cartilage
Walls formed by the inner surface of the——- and the—- cartilage

vocal folds; lower; cricoid

cricothyroid ligament; cricoid

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Middle part of larynx
-Extend from—- folds to the— folds
——a small recess between the——& the—- is called the ——of the larynx that may extend upwards between—— fold and the—- cartilage as—— of the larynx

vestibular; vocals

Laterally; vestibular fold ; vocal fold; sinus

vestibular; thyroid; saccule

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Mucous Membrane of the larynx

lined with—— epithelium
The surface of vocal folds, because of—— during——, is covered with——- epithelium
Contains many——, more numerous in the—- (for—- of——)

ciliated columnar

exposure to continuous trauma; phonation

stratified squamous

mucous glands

saccule

lubrication; vocal folds

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``` Muscles of the larynx two groups: *—— muscles: divided into two groups ——-of the larynx ——-of the larynx ``` ——muscles divided into two groups - Muscles controlling the—— - Muscles controlling the——

Extrinsic Elevators; Depressors Intrinsic laryngeal inlet movements of the vocal cords

``` ELEVATORS of the pharynx are: The——- Muscles: which are —- —— ——- —— ``` The——- Muscles of—— which are : ——- ——- ——-

Suprahyoid Digastric Stylohyoid Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Longitudinal; the Pharynx Stylopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus Palatopharyngeus

``` DEPRESSORS of the larynx are The—— Muscles which are: —— —- ——- ```

Infrahyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Omohyoid

2 Muscles Controlling The Laryngeal Inlet are :???

Oblique arytenoid Aryepiglottic muscle

Oblique arytenoid: - deep to——— - from—— process of—— cartilage to——- cartilage

transverse arytenoid muscle muscular; arytenoid superior Cricoid

Aryepiglottic muscle: - from the—- process of—— cartilage - inserts to the ——-and—— border of—-

muscular; arytenoid aryepiglottic fold lateral; epiglottis

Situations where the larynx acts as a sphincter??

Swallowing, sneezing, coughing, vasalva maneuver

Sphincter Functions of the Larynx - In Valsalva’s maneuver,— is temporarily held in the—— by——-;—— pressure rises when ——-contract; Helps to empty the——; Acts as a splint to stabilize the—— when—— - swallowing closes the sphincter at the—— - coughing and sneezing is involved with the sphincter at the ———-

Air; lower respiratory tract; closing the glottis intra-abdominal; abdominal muscles rectum trunk; lifting heavy loads; inlet Rima glottis

Muscle Increasing the Length & Tension of the Vocal Cords Muscle decreasing the Length & Tension of Vocal Cords

Cricothyroid Thyroarytenoid

Movements of the Vocal Cords are:?? —- ——

Adduction Abduction

Adductors of the Vocal Cords ——- ——— Abductor of the Vocal Cords ——

Lateral cricoarytenoid Transverse arytenoid Posterior cricoarytenoid

Blood Supply & Lymph Drainage of the larynx Arteries: Upper half:—— artery, a branch of —-artery Lower half: ——artery, a branch of —-artery Lymphatics The lymph vessels drain into the——

Superior laryngeal; superior thyroid Inferior laryngeal ; inferior thyroid deep cervical lymph nodes

Nerve Supply Sensory Above the——:——, a branch of the ——-nerve Below the——:—— nerve, a branch of the—- nerve Motor All—— muscles, except——, supplied by the—— nerve The—— muscle is supplied by the—— nerve, a branch of the——- nerve

vocal cords Internal laryngeal nerve; superior laryngeal branch of the vagus vocal cords Recurrent laryngeal; vagus intrinsic; cricothyroid; recurrent laryngeal cricothyroid; external laryngeal; superior laryngeal branch of vagus

intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis is called ——-

Speech

List The three components of production of voice

The generation of sound The resonance of sound The articulation of voice

Sound production originates from the——-

larynx

Sound is modified by various resonating chamber like the—-,—- and——

pharynx mouth paranasal sinuses.

Quality of sound depends on——- at the—— of the——

symmetrical vibration midline glottis

———is influenced by subglottic pressure, glottic resistance, transglottic air flow, and amplitude of vibration

Loudness

Pitch of sound depends on the alterations in—— and—— of——

length tension vocal folds

Larynx is also called the ——— or——-

Voice box or organ of phonation

Larynx is higher in —— and ——-

Females and children

Whose larynx is bigger?. | Male or female?

Male

Who has a bigger angle of thyroid cartilage | Male or female?

Female

principal cartilages of the larynx are, —-, —-, and——

cricoid thyroid two arytenoids

Angle of thyroid cartilage in male is???? | Angle of thyroid cartilage in female is????

90 degrees in male 120 degrees in female

The posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage provides attachment (from above downward) to following structures ——— ——- ———

Thyroepiglottic ligament. pair of vestibular ligaments. A pair of vocal ligaments.

oblique line of thyroid cartilage provides attachments to the following from above-down; medial-lateral ——- ——- ——

Thyrohyoid.2. Sternothyroid.3. Inferior constrictor (thyropharyngeus part only).

Cricoid cartilage is a——-shaped ring of cartilage

signet

The epiglottis is rudimentary in human beings. | T/F

Corniculate cartilages of——- Cuneiform cartilages of———

Santorini Wrisberg

Which cartilages are made of hyalin and which are made of elastic cartilage

Hyalin- Cricoid, thyroid, base of arytenoid Elastic- cuneiform, epiglottis ,corniculate, apices of arytenoid

Between hyalin and elastic cartilage, which one ossifies at what age and which doesn’t

Hyalin ossifies at age 25 Elastic doesn’t

The——- membrane is pierced on either side by internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal vessels.

thyrohyoid

Cricotracheal ligament: It connects the——- cartilage with the——-

cricoid first tracheal ring.

Membranes thicken to form ——- ——- covers /contains ligaments

Ligaments Folds

Thyrohyoid muscle Sternothyroid muscle Elevate or depress the larynx??

Elevate Depress

Which ones open and which means close the laryngeal inlet Oblique arytenoids Aryepiglotticus Thyroepiglotticus:

Close Close Open

Thyroarytenoid is also known as volcalis | T/F

Which of the following muscles increase or decrease tension of the volcano cords Cricothyroid Vocalis Thyroarytenoid:

Tense Tense Relax

—— muscle is also known as the tuning fork of larynx.

Cricothyroid muscle

only muscle of the larynx, which lies on the external surface of the larynx is the ———-

Cricothyroid muscle

segmental tension of vocal ligament helps in the—— and is controlled by —— muscle

modulation of voice | Volcalis

The Safety muscles of larynx is the ———— as if it is ever paralyzed, the person can——-

Posterior cricoarytenoids | Suffocate

The anterior wall of laryngeal cavity is longer than the posterior wall. T/F

false vocal cords are ———

Vestibular folds

—- + _____= true vocal cords

Vocal ligament Vocalis

oil can of the larynx is the ——- of the larynx?

Sinus of the larynx

Besides. Vocal cords, which other parts of the larynx aren’t covered by ciliated columnar epithelium

anterior surface and upper half of the posterior surface of the epiglottis, upper parts of aryepiglottic folds

There are mucous glands in the vocal folds. | T/F

The edema of larynx does not involve the——- since there is no——-

true vocal cords submucous tissue.

Rima glottidis has dual blood supply | T/F

Variations in the size and shape of rima glottidis during different movements of the vocal cords. During quiet respiration During inspiration During whisper During high pitched voice

Pentagonal Diamond Funnel Linear

vowels are voiced in the larynx due to—— of —-whereas consonants are produced by the—— of the——.

vibration ;vocal folds intrinsic muscles tongue

Singer’s nodules are —-nodules on the——- at the junction of anterior ——third and posterior—--third

Inflammatory vocal cords one- two

Commonest site of the laryngeal cancer

Glottic region

Most common congenital abnormality of the larynx?

Laryngomalacia

What is Laryngomalacia

excessive flaccidity of supraglottic larynx