EAR Flashcards
middle ear is an ——space within the—— part of the——- bone
air-filled
petrous
temporal
The auricle is a ——-like undulating projection on the side of the head
-The entire pinna except his—— is made up of a single piece of crumpled——- covered with skin
trumpet
lobule
yellow elastic cartilage
The lobule of pinna is made of ——— covered with skin.
fibrofatty tissue
The auricular cartilage is continuous with the cartilage of the——-
external auditory meatus.
There is no cartilage between—— and—— and the gap between the two is called ——-
tragus
crus of helix
incisura terminalis
The thick hair on pinna particularly on—— in male represents ——inheritance.
tragus
Y-linked
Features of lateral surface of external ear
-concha:leads into——;guarded in front by——-
——-conchae: small area of concha above the——-;Clinically it is important as it corresponds to the—— triangle (——-triangle).
-Antihelix:upper end splits to give the——; space between antihelix and helix is the—-
-Helix: 2 limbs; anterior limb ends as——-;posterior limb ends as——- below but has—— tubercle in its upper end that is wrongly thought to be the——-
external auditory meatus; tragus
Cymba; crus of helix; suprameatal; McEwen’s
triangular fossa; scaphoid fossa
crus of helix; lobule; Darwin’s
vestige of pointed part of quadruped ears
Features of medial surface of external ear
- Eminentia concha: corresponds to the——-
- Eminentia triangularis:corresponds to ——-
- Eminentia scaphoidia : corresponds to——-
depression of the concha.
corresponds to the triangular fossa
Scaphoid fossa
MUSCLES of the external ear
extrinsic muscles
-they generally pass from—- or— to the—-
-1.—— anterior from—— to—- part of the—-
-2.——- superior from—- to—- surface of the—,
3.——— posterior. from the—— to——-
-their jobs is in——- of the auricle to——-
intrinsic muscles
- are small muscular slips
- which pass between the—- parts of the auricle.
-their job is to——— of the auricle
scalp; skull; auricle
Auricularis; epicranial aponeurotis; upper; helix
Auricularis; epicranial aponeurotis; cranial; auricle
Auricularis; mastoid process; eminentia concha
positioning; catch the sound
cartilaginous; change the shape
Intrinsic muscles movement is well developed in humans
T/F
F
ARTERIES of the external ear
——-and posterior——-surface is by——— artery
-Anterior—— surface is by ——artery
-Few branches of—— artery supply the—— part of the—- surface.
cranial
lateral
posterior auricular
lateral; superficial temporal
occipital; upper; cranial
VEINS of the external ear drains into the——- and ———veins.
superficial temporal
external jugular
LYMPH of the external ear
——-lymph nodes
——-lymph nodes
———lymph nodes
Preauricular (parotid)
Mastoid
Upper group of deep cervical
EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS
- extends from the——- to the——-
- measures about——-
- it is not a—— tube but it has a typical —shaped course.
- its outer part is directed—-, inner—-
- to examine eardrum, move the pinna——
- divided into two parts:——- and—-.
bottom of the concha; tympanic membrane
24 mm
straight; S-
BUM; DFM
LUB
cartilaginous; bony
EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS
Thecartilaginous part forms the——(—mm) of the meatus.
- The cartilage is the continuation of the—
- The skin covering the cartilaginous part is—, and contains—- and—— glands
- The bony part forms the—-(—-mm)
- The skin lining the bony part of meatus is— and continuous with the—— of the——-
- It is also devoid of —- and——-
outer one-third ; 8
cartilage of the auricle.
thick; hair; ceruminous
inner two-third ; 16
thin; cuticular layer; tympanic membrane.
hair; ceruminous glands.
Function of ceruminous glands???
And they are also called—-?
Produce wax
pilosebaceous
external auditory meatus is longer in children.
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Children have shorter external auditory meatus and therefore, deep insertion of ear speculum may damage the——-
tympanic membrane
ARTERIES of external auditory meatus
—-;——;——
deep auricular
anterior tympanic
posterior auricular
NERVES of the external auditory meatus
Roof and—- wall are supplied by the——- nerve.
Floor and—— wall are supplied by the——— of nerve
anterior; auriculotemporal
posterior; auricular branch;vagus nerve
the only cutaneous branch of the vagus nerve is the ——-
Auricular branch of the vagus nerve
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
- a thin (——mm thick)—- membrane
- forms the partition between—- and—-
- It is——in shape, measuring—— mm in length, and—- mm in width.
- It is placed—- making an angle of about —— with the—- of the—
- The tympanic membrane faces—-, ——, and—- as though to catch the sounds reflected—-
0.1; semitransparent
external acoustic meatus; middle ear.
oval; 9–10; 8–9
obliquely ;55° ; floor; external acoustic meatus.
downwards; forwards; laterally; from the ground.
Which is longer between the anterior and posterior wall of the external auditory meatus
And between the roof and floor of the external auditory meatus
Anterior is longer
Floor is longer
Tympanic membrane
made of—- layers from out-in:
* Outer— layer of —— epithelium,
*Middle—— layer, which encloses the—-. It contains outer—- and inner—- fibres.
*Inner——- layer is lined by ——epithelium,
3
cuticular; stratified squamous
fibrous; handle of the malleus; radiating; circular
mucosal
low columnar
Pinna is a source of several graft materials for the surgeons.
T/F
T
The—- of ear is commonly pierced for wearing earrings.
lobule
For surgery of external auditory meatus, the incision is made in the region of—— as it will—-
incisura terminalis
not cut through the cartilage.
furuncles mean——-?
infection of hair follicles
Where does furuncles develop?
Since the hairs are confined to the outer part of the meatus, the furuncles (infection of hair follicles) develop only in this part.
To examine external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane, the pinna is pulled LUB in adults, while in infants it is pulled—- and—-.
WHY??!!!
downwards; backwards
This is because in infants the bony part of external auditory meatus is not developed and tympanic membrane is directed mainly downwards.
The infection and boils of the external auditory meatus cause—— swelling that are very —— because the skin lining is——-
very little; painful
firmly adhered to the underlying cartilage and bone.
Ear wax: It prevents the injury of—— from water and the damage of ——- by —— the insects. The excess of ear wax interfering with hearing is removed by ——. The irritation of—- of vagus during the process of removing excess wax may reflexly produce—- called —, vomiting, and even death due to ——
the lining epithelium of the external auditory meatus
tympanic membrane
trapping
syringing
auricular branch
persistent cough; ear cough
sudden cardiac inhibition.
The —— were the individuals in ancient Rome, who were very fond of excessive eating and used to stimulate their jaded appetite by dropping— or— behind the ear as this could reflexly stimulate—- due to supply of this area by the—- which also supplies motor innervation to the—-.
Aldermen
cold water
spirit
gastric peristalsis
vagus nerve
GIT
Perforation of the tympanic membrane may result from an—— or——- infection
external injury
middle ear
Middle ear
- aka—-, or ——-
- It contains—— auditory ossicles, which transmit—— from—— in its—— wall to the—- ear via its—— wall
tympanum;tympanic cavity
three
sound vibrations
tympanic membrane
lateral
internal
medial
Middle ear
- is shaped like a—-, In coronal section, it resembles a———, like a——-
- The middle ear communicates:
- Anteriorly with—- through—-.
- Posteriorly with—- and ——through—— called ——
cube
biconcave disc; red blood cell
nasopharynx; pharyngotympanic tube
mastoid antrum; mastoid air cells
aditus to antrum; aditus ad antrum.
Contents of the Middle Ear Inside the mucous lining 1. —-. Outside the mucous lining *—- small bones called ear—-: —-, —-, and—- .*—- muscles: —— and——. *—- nerves: ——- and—— *Vessels supplying and draining the middle ear. *Ligaments of the ear ossicles.
Air
Three; ossicles; malleus; incus; stapes
Two; tensor tympani; stapedius
Two; chorda tympani; tympanic plexus.
Subdivisions of the Middle Ear -Epitympanum (——) Contains—-, —-, and—- of —- -Mesotympanum a part opposite to —-containing——, —-, and—-. -Hypotympanum a part—— the tympanic membrane.
attic
head of malleus; body; short process; incus
tympanic membrane ; handle of malleus; long process of incus; stapes
below
the narrowest part of the middle ear is the ——-?
Mesotympanum
Ear Ossicles are connected to one another by —— joints
synovial
Malleu, incus ,stapes.
Their other names
Which pharyngeal arch they come from
Which muscle they attach to
Hammer; Anvil or premolar tooth; Stirrup
1st arch; 1st arch; 2nd arch
Tensor tympani; none;stapedius
Malleu, incus ,stapes.
Type of synovial joint
Actual Name of joint
Saddle type; both saddle and ball and socket; just ball and socket
Incudomalleolar;incudomalleolar and incudostapedial; incudostapedial
Malleu, incus ,stapes.
Their Parts
Head, body, handle
Body, short process, long process
Body
Handle of malleus attaches to ——— of the ———
Fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane
Tensor tympani-
Origin:———
Insertion:———-
Supplied by —— nerve
Action :———
from auditory tube
to handle of malleus
V3
tenses eardrum
Stapedius
Origin:———
Insertion:———-
Supplied by —— nerve
Action :———
from post wall of middle ear
to neck of stapes
CN7
blocks oval window
Hyperacusis is the
——-of——-
-an abnormally—— power of——
-even—— appears as——.
paralysis
stapedius
increased; hearing
whisper; noise
Otosclerosis
- Abnormal—- of ——that anchors the—— of—— to the—— window
- This impedes the movements of—- and causes——.
ossification; annular ligament ; footplate; stapes; oval
stapes
deafness
——-is the most common cause of conductive deafness in adults.
The otosclerosis
Roof of the middle ear
- formed by——
- that separates the tympanic cavity from the——
- forms roof of——
tegmen tympani
middle cranial fossa
aditus antrum
Floor of the middle ear
- thin plate of bone
- separates the tympanic cavity from the——-
jugular bulb
Anterior wall of middle ear
-thin plate of bone
-separates the cavity from——
——-part of anterior wall presents— openings or canals, the—- one for the ——muscle and the—- one for the——-
internal carotid artery
upper; two
upper; tensor tympani
lower; auditory tube.
Posterior wall of middle ear
- separates the tympanic cavity from—— and——-
- contains the ——-,—-,——-,——-,and——
mastoid antrum; mastoid air cells
aditus ad antrum, pyramid, fossa incudis, vertical part of facial canal, posterior canaliculus for chorda tympani
Lateral wall of middle ear
-formed by ——-
tympanic membrane
Medial wall of the middle ear
- it is actually formed by the—— of the—— ear.
- separates the tympanic cavity from the internal ear
bony lateral wall; internal
Medial wall of the middle ear contains
- Promontory:—- due to—- (basal) turn of the—-.
- Oval window:—- and—- promontory; closed by—- and—-
- Round window:small round opening—- and—- the promontory; closed by —- that separates the—— ear from the——
rounded prominence; first; cochlea
above; behind
stapes; annular ligament
below; behind
fibrous secondary tympanic membrane
middle; scala tympani.
Sinus tympani is a depression—- the promontory between——- and—-, which indicates the position of ___ of the——
behind
fenestra vestibuli; fenestra cochleae
ampulla; posterior semicircular canal.
The fluid filled in the membranous labyrinth is called —-.
-space between the membranous and bony labyrinth is filled with fluid called ——
endolymph perilymph
List the 4 parts of the membranes labyrinth
Cochlear
Utricle/sacccule
3 semicircular ducts
MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
- Cochlear duct that lies within the—— and has a sensory receptor within it called—— .It is concerned with—-.
- Saccule and Utricle that lie within the —-and have a sensory receptor within it called—. They are concerned with——-.
- three Semicircular ducts that lie within the——- and have a sensory receptor within it called—- .They are concerned with——
bony cochlea
spiral organ of Corti.; hearing
bony vestibule ; maculae; static balance
three bony semicircular canals; cristae ampullaris; kinetic balance.
The cochlear duct (—-turn) is connected to saccule by——-
- The saccule and utricle are connected to each other by–shaped —-, which expands to form—- and—-
- The utricle is connected to three semicircular ducts through—— openings.
basal
ductus reuniens.
Y; utriculo-saccular duct; ductus; saccus endolymphaticus.
five
Cochlear Duct
- aka Scala—-
- is a spiral anterior part of the membranous labyrinth having two- and three-fourth turns.
- It lies in the—- part of the cochlear canal between scala—- and scala—-.
- The cochlear duct contains ——, which is sensory receptor for——-.
Media
middle; vestibuli; tympani
spiral organ of Corti; hearing
Boundaries of the cochlear duct Base: -Formed by the———(medially) ———- (laterally). Roof: -Formed by the——-(———membrane) Laterally: -It is bounded by the——
osseous spiral lamina
basilar membrane
vestibular membrane ; Reissner’s
outer wall of cochlear canal.
Spiral Organ of Corti
- It is the peripheral organ of —- in the cochlear duct
- is situated on the——
- Tunnel of Corti: It is formed by the—- and——. It contains a fluid called ——. The exact function of rods and corticolymph is—-
- Hair cells: These are—- cells of —- located on—— and their apices possess—— which are overlaid by ——
hearing
basilar membrane.
inner; outer rod cells; corticolymph; not known
receptor; hearing; basilar membrane; stereocilia; tectorial membrane.
Inner hair cells and outer hair cells.
Function
What nerve they majorly respond to
How they are arranged
Transmuting sound; Modulating sound
Cochlear nerve ; Nerve from superior olivary nucleus
Single row ; 3or 4 rows
Mention 2 supporting cells of th organ of corti
Deiter’s and Hansen’s Cells
Supporting cells of organ of corti
- The Deiter’s cells are situated between the—- and provide support to the—-. The Hansen’s cells lie—- the——
- tectorial membrane: It is made up of —— and overlies the——. Medially it is attached to —-. The shearing force between the—— and tectorial membrane stimulate the——.
- The scala vestibuli and tympani are continuous with each other through a narrow opening at the—— called——
outer hair cells; outer hair cells
outside; hair cells.
gelatinous substance; hair cells
osseous spiral lamina
hair cells; hair cells
apex of cochlear duct; helicotrema
Saccule and Utricle
saccule
-a small—— membranous sac
-lies in the —— part of the vestibule
utricle
- an—— membranous sac
- lies in the——- part of the vestibule
globular; anteroinferior
oblong; posterosuperior
Which is larger. Saccule or Utricle??
Utricle
Semicircular Ducts
- Each duct has one dilated end called ——
- and that end of each duct bears a raised crest called—— which projects into its—-.
ampulla
crista ampullaris
lumen
Maculae
- sensory receptors located in the—— walls of —- and——.
- They sense—— of head in response to —- and—-, i.e., ——
medial
saccule; utricle
position; gravity; linear acceleration
static balance
Cristae:
- are sensory receptors located in the—— ends of the three semicircular ducts.
- They respond to ——, i.e., ——-
ampullated
angular acceleration
kinetic balance.
BONY LABYRINTH of the inner ear -series of intercommunicating bony cavities and canals within the——- part of the—— bone. -3 parts: from front to back ——- ——- ———
petrous; temporal
cochlea
vestibule
semicircular canal
Cochlea
- apex (——) is directed towards the—- wall of the——
- base is directed towards the—- of the——
- aqueduct of cochlea is a narrow tubular canal through which—- within the cochlea communicates with the—— of the—— through cochlear——-
cupula; medial; tympanic cavity
bottom; internal acoustic meatus.
perilymph; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); subarachnoid space; canaliculus.
Semicircular canals
- There are three bony semicircular canals: anterior/——-,——-, and——-.
- They lie in three planes at——- to each other
- Each canal is about——- of a circle and is dilated at one end to form the ——-
- both—— and—- semicircular canal lies in a vertical plane at ——to the long axis of the—— bone.
superior; posterior; lateral
right angles
two-third
ampulla
anterior; posterior ; right angle ; petrous temporal
both anterior and posterior semicircular canals are—- but anterior is—-, posterior is—-
- anterior’s non-ampullated end(posterior) communicates with———— to form the—— and open on the vestibule
- the lateral canal lies in an horizontal plane ;its ——-end is ampullated
convex; forward; backwards
posterior’s non -ampullated end(upper)
crus commune
anterolateral
Which semicircular canal has both ends opening directly on the vestibule
Lateral semicircular canal
The lateral semicircular canals of the right and left ear lie in—— • The anterior semicircular canal of one side lies——- to the posterior semicircular canal of———
the same plane.
parallel;; the other side.
The central egg-shaped cavity of the bony labyrinth is the ——
vestibule
The cochlear coils around a bony pillar called ——-
Modiolus
Sound is composed of —— and ——-
Rarefactions and compressions
Sound is represented by a —— wave
Sine
Sound waves of low frequency (inaudible) also excite the hair cells.
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F
inaudible sound travels around the ———
Helicotrema
The higher the frequency of a sound, the more proximal the region of basilar membrane that would be stimulated.
T/F
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Bending of the stereocilia causes ——- to open , cause a —— to be generated and release a ——(most likely——-)
Mechanically gated ion channels
Graded potential
Neurotransmitter
Glutamate
The NT released at organ of corti causes the—— to transmit impulse to the brain
Cochlear nerve fiber
Pitch is perceived by —— and —— part of the auditory pathway
Loudness is perceived by —— and —— part of the auditory pathway
Primary auditory cortex;cochlear nuclei
Varying threshold of Cochlear cells;number of cells stimulated
Localization of sound is done by —— in the auditory pathway
Superior olivary nucleus
Macula contains —— cells and —- cells
Supporting
Hair
Maculae’s hair cells’ stereocilia and kineocilia are embedded in the ———- membrane
Otolithic
Utricular hairs respond to ——- movement
Saccular hairs respond to ——— movement
Horizontal
Vertical
If otolithic membrane moves in the direction of the kineocilia,
The vestibular nerves get ———-
Number of action potentials generated would ——-
Depolarized
Increase
If otolithic membrane moves in the opposite direction of the kineocilia,
Vestibular nerves become ——-
Rate of impulse propagation———
Hyperpolarized
Decreases
Each crista has hair and support cells that extend into a gel-like mass called ——
Cupula
For crista, cupula moving in the same direction as head motion leads to ——
Hyper polarization
List the 3 modes of input for balance and orientation
Vestibular receptors
Visual receptors
Somatic receptors
Not All special senses are functional at birth .
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Optic vesicles protrude from the ——- during the—— week of development .
The vesicles end up being —— , and their stalks become ——
Diencephalon
fourth
Optic cups
Optic nerves
The eye lens forms from what?… ectoderm or endoderm or mesoderm
Ectoderm
Vision is fully functional at birth
T/F
F
Babies are ———-, and their eye movements are ——-
Hyperopic
Uncoordinated
What is hyperopia
Seeing only gray tones
Depth perception and color vision is well developed by age ——, and emmetropic eyes are developed by age ——
5
6
Ear development begins in a —- week embryo
3
Inner ears develop from —— which invaginate into the —— and ——-
Otic placodes
Otic pit
Otic vesicle
Otic vesicle becomes the ——
Surrounding mesenchyme becomes——
Membraneous labyrinth
Bony labyrinth
Eardrum is ___ shaped
Cone
Bony labyrinth is lined by endosteum
T/F
F
Bony labyrinth lies within the Petrous part of temporal bone
T/F
F
The auditory canal converted mechanical sound to neural impulses
T/F
F
The auditory canal contains modified sweat glands that secrete cerumen
T/F
T
The auditory canal causes the vibration of hair cells
T/F
F
The largest cortical region of the brain is ____ cortex
Visual cortex
