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Year 2 Pathology > Non-neoplastic > Flashcards

Non-neoplastic Flashcards

1
Q

Non-neoplastic

A

No cancerous

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2
Q

Infection in upper airways

A

Acute inflammatory process that affects mucous membranes of the respiratory tract

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3
Q

Examples of infections in upper airways

A
  • rhinitis
  • laryngitis
  • tonsillitis
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4
Q

Symptoms of infections in upper airways

A
  • malaise headache
  • sore throat
  • discharge
  • commonally viral
  • can get secondary bacterial infection
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5
Q

Infection in lower airway : pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lung parenchyma

inflammaon within the lung

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6
Q

Consolidation of the affected part

A

Lung becomes heavy

Lung solidifies and not full of air

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7
Q

Different types of pneumonia

A
  • community
  • hospital
  • aspiration
  • chronic
  • necrotizing
  • lung abscesses
  • pneumonia in the immunocompromised host
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8
Q

Common type of pneumonia is

A

bacterial, in community

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9
Q

Clinical features of pneumonia

A

Fever, rigours, SOB, pleuritic chest pain, purulent sputum, cough

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10
Q

Community acquired pneumonia is common in

A

the elderly population

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11
Q

Strep. pneumoniae

A

is the most common organism

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12
Q

Complicates viral infections and IVDU

A

staph aureus - common in drug user

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13
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia is

A

hospital acquired pneumonia

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14
Q

Hospital acquired pneuomoia is contracted by a patient at least

A

48-72hrs after admission

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15
Q

Lobar

A

affects one lobe of a lung

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16
Q

Multifocal

A

occurs in both lungs

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17
Q

community pneumonia is usually

A

lobar or bronchopneumonia

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18
Q

hospital acquired is usually

A

bacterial and common in deaths on ICU

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19
Q

Symptoms..

A

fever
increased white cell count
purulent sputum
chest x-ray changes

20
Q

what type of pneumonia develops after inhalation of foreign material

A

aspiration pneumonia

21
Q

Where does aspiration usually occur

A

right middle and right lower lobe

-gravitational process

22
Q

aspiration pneumonia occurs in people who are

A

elderly, strokes, dementia, anaesthetic

23
Q

partial or complete obstruction at any level of the trachea to respiratory bronchioles

A

Obstructive disease

24
Q

reduced expansion with decreased total lung capacity

A

restrictive disease

25
Q

3 obstructive diseases

A

asthma
COPD, emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Bronchiectasis

26
Q

irreversible enlargement of air spaces,

breakdown of alveolar walls

A

COPD - emphysema

27
Q

Symptoms of emphysema

A 
dyspnoea
cough 
wheezing
weight loss
expiratory air flow limitation 
'pink puffe' 
death due to cor pulmonale > right side hf 
congestive heart failure 
pneumothorax
28
Q

lungs are hyperexpanded and touch this happens in

A

COPD emphysema

29
Q

Persistent cough with sputum production, for at least 3 months without any other identifiable causes

A

COPD chronic bronchitis

30
Q

causes of chronic bronchitis

A

smoking
dust
cotton
silica

31
Q

copd is the

A

leading cause of pneumonia

32
Q

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, causing wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough

increased airway responsiveness > episodic bronchoconstriction, inflammation of bronchial walls, increased mucus secretion

A

Asthma

33
Q

Types of asthma

A

extrinsic
intrinsic
atopic

34
Q

permanent destruction and dilation of the airways associated with severe infections or obstructions

A

Bronchiectasis

35
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Haemoptysis
persistent cough
purulent sputum

36
Q

Honeycomb lung

A

end stages of restrictive lung disease

37
Q

What is pulmonary embolism

A

blockage of a main or branch pulmonary artery by an embolus

38
Q

abrupt onset pleuritic chest pain
SOB
hypoxia
increased pulmonary vascular resistance- right ventricular failure

risk of developing dvt

A

pulmonary embolism

39
Q

accumulation on fluid in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lungs

A

Pulmonary oedema

40
Q

Haemodynamic oedema

A

increased venous pressure

water flooding into the airways

41
Q

Can get oedema due to

A

alveolar injury, infections, shock/truma

42
Q

Pulmonary oedema occurs in

A

lower lobes at first

pink frothy sputum

43
Q

Pneumothorax means

A

air in the thorax, pleural cavity

causes collapse of lung

associated with emphysema, asthma , tb, trauma, idiopathic

44
Q

Atelectasis means

A

incomplete expansion of lungs

reduced oxygenation and predisposes to infection

45
Q

Respiratory failure

type 1

A

hypoxia with a normal or low PC02

pneumonia 
pulmonary oedema 
asthma 
PE 
pulmonary fibrosis 
ARDS
46
Q

Respiratory failure

type 2

A

hypoxia with a high PC02

asthma, copd, osa
reduced respiratory drive
neuromuscular disease
thoracic wall disease

problems with gas exchange

Year 2 Pathology (19 decks)

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