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Year 2 Pathology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus located?

A

the brain
above brain stem
links the CNS to endocrine system

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2
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus located?

A

the brain
above brain stem
links the CNS to endocrine system

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3
Q

Posterior pituitary secretes what hormone

A

Oxytocin - uterus contraction

ADH - reabsorption of water from urine

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4
Q

Anterior Pituitary secrete

A

Multiple hormones

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5
Q

What is the Pituitary gland?

A 
Growth hormone 
Thyroid stimulating hormone 
Adreno0corticotrophic hormone 
Follicle stimulating hormone 
Luteinising hormone 
Prolactin

Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin

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6
Q

Pituitary Diseases

A

Hyperpituitarism- related effects = adenomas (benign tumour growth)
Hypoituitarism- related effects = injury, surgery, radiation, inflammation
Local mass effect = compressing the optic chiasm

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7
Q

Adenoma

A

is a common cause of hyperpituitarism

occurs in anterior lobe

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8
Q

Pituitary adenomas

Macroadenomas

A

> 1 cm in diameter

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9
Q

Pituitary adenomas

Microadenomas

A
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10
Q

Causes of hypopituitarism

A

Ischemic necrosis of the pituitary - Sheehan’s syndrome

Non functioning adenomas

Surgery or irradiation

Inflammatory lesions

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11
Q

Causes of hyperthyroidism

A 
Graves disease (Autoimmune)
Treatment by thyroxine 
Infective - De Quervains Thyroiditis 
Toxic multinodular goitre 
Toxic adenoma
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12
Q 
Intolerance to heat 
Fine, straight hair
Bulging eyes
Facial flushing 
Enlarged thyroid 
Tachycardia 
High systolic BP
Breast enlargement 
Weight & muscle loss
Localized edema
Menstural changes 
Diarrhea 
Tremors 
Finger Clubbing
A

All symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

Graves disease

A

Hyperthyroidism Overactive thyroid

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14
Q

Management for Hyperthyroidism

A 
Testing: Clinical and thyroid function tests 
Treat the cause
Carbomazole / Propylthiouracil
Radioiodine 
Thyroidectomy
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15
Q

Hypothyroidism causes

A 
Iodine deficiency 
Autoimmune - Hashimoto's thyroiditis 
Iatrogenic: Surgery radioiodine 
Pituitary defects 
Congenital
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16
Q 
Hair Loss
Apathy 
Lethargy 
Dry Skin
Muscle aches and weakness
Constipation 
Intolerance to cold 
Receding hairline
Facial & eyelid edema
Dull blank expression
Extreme fatigue 
Tick tongue, slow speech 
Anorexia 
Brittle hair and nails 
Subnormal temp
Bradycardia 
Weight Gain 
Thickened skin
Cardiac complications
A

All symptoms of Hypothyroidism

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17
Q

What is hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Hypothyroidism

Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland

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18
Q

Treatment for hypothyroidism

A

Thyroxine

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19
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Uncommon

Papillary Carcinoma - is a non functional tumour

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20
Q

What is Hypoparathyroidism

A 
Due to low calcium 
Congenital
Hereditary 
-irritability 
-tetany 
-seizures
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21
Q

Treatment for hypoparathyroidism

A

Removal by surgery - Thyroidectomy

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22
Q

Posterior pituitary secretes what hormone

A

Oxytocin - uterus contraction

ADH - reabsorption of water from urine

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anterior Pituitary secrete

A

Multiple hormones

24
Q

What is the Pituitary gland?

A 
Growth hormone 
Thyroid stimulating hormone 
Adreno0corticotrophic hormone 
Follicle stimulating hormone 
Luteinising hormone 
Prolactin

Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin

25
Q

Pituitary Diseases

A

Hyperpituitarism- related effects = adenomas (benign tumour growth)
Hypoituitarism- related effects = injury, surgery, radiation, inflammation
Local mass effect = compressing the optic chiasm

26
Q

Adenoma

A

is a common cause of hyperpituitarism

occurs in anterior lobe

27
Q

Pituitary adenomas

Macroadenomas

A

> 1 cm in diameter

28
Q

Pituitary adenomas

Microadenomas

A
29
Q

Causes of hypopituitarism

A

Ischemic necrosis of the pituitary - Sheehan’s syndrome

Non functioning adenomas

Surgery or irradiation

Inflammatory lesions

30
Q

Causes of hyperthyroidism

A 
Graves disease (Autoimmune)
Treatment by thyroxine 
Infective - De Quervains Thyroiditis 
Toxic multinodular goitre 
Toxic adenoma
31
Q 
Intolerance to heat 
Fine, straight hair
Bulging eyes
Facial flushing 
Enlarged thyroid 
Tachycardia 
High systolic BP
Breast enlargement 
Weight & muscle loss
Localized edema
Menstural changes 
Diarrhea 
Tremors 
Finger Clubbing
A

All symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

32
Q

Graves disease

A

Hyperthyroidism Overactive thyroid

33
Q

Management for Hyperthyroidism

A 
Testing: Clinical and thyroid function tests 
Treat the cause
Carbomazole / Propylthiouracil
Radioiodine 
Thyroidectomy
34
Q

Hypothyroidism causes

A 
Iodine deficiency 
Autoimmune - Hashimoto's thyroiditis 
Iatrogenic: Surgery radioiodine 
Pituitary defects 
Congenital
35
Q 
Hair Loss
Apathy 
Lethargy 
Dry Skin
Muscle aches & weakness
Constipation 
Intolerance to cold 
Receding hairline
Facial & eyelid edema
Dull blank expression
Extreme fatigue 
Tick tongue, slow speech 
Anorexia 
Brittle hair & nails 
Subnormal temp
Bradycardia 
Weight Gain 
Thickened skin
Cardiac complications
A

All symptoms of Hypothyroidism

36
Q

What is hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Hypothyroidism

Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland

37
Q

Treatment for hypothyroidism

A

Thyroxine

38
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Uncommon

Papillary Carcinoma - is a non functional tumour

39
Q

What is Hypoparathyroidism

A 
Due to low calcium 
Congenital
Hereditary 
-irritability 
-tetany 
-seizures
40
Q

Treatment for hypoparathyroidism

A

Removal by surgery - Thyroidectomy

41
Q

What is Hyperparathyroidism

A

Due to hypercalcemia

42
Q

Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism

A 
Constipation 
Depression 
Seizures 
Muscle wasting 
Polyuria 
Bone fractures 
Kidney stones
43
Q

Primary Hyperaldosteronism

A

Primary - Conn’s Disease

44
Q

Secondary Hyperaldosteronism

A

Due to high renin

45
Q

Symptoms of Conn’s disease

A

Hyperaldosteronism

Oedema
Hypertension
High sodium
Low Potassium

46
Q

Glucocorticoids : Cortisol

A 
Release is by circadian rhythm
Essential to life
Reg blood sugar
Inhibits inflammation 
Stress response
Excess release = cushing's syndrome
47
Q

Cushing syndrome causes

A

ACTH releasing tumour

Steroids

48
Q 
Emotional disturbance 
Enlarged sella turcica 
Moon faces 
Osteoporosis 
Cardiac hypertrophy  - hypertension 
Buffalo hump 
Obesity 
Adrenal tumour or hyperplasia
Thin, wrinkled skin 
Abdominal striae 
Amenorrhea 
Muscle weakness 
Purpura
Skin ulcers
A

All symptoms of Cushing’s syndromes

Glucocorticoids

49
Q

Causes of Addison’s disease

A

Autoimmune
Infection
Neoplasms

50
Q

Addison’s disease, symptoms and signs

A

GI symptoms, N + V, anorexia, diarrhoea

Wight loss

Hyperpigmentaton

Low sodium, high pot

51
Q

Zona Fasciculata

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

52
Q

ZonaReticularis

A

Sex hormones (testosterone oestrogen)

53
Q

Zona Glomerulosa

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

54
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

sex hormones both secreted from the gonads

55
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Catecholamines
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

56
Q

Symptoms of Phaeochromocytoma

A 
Hypertension 
Sweating 
Palptations 
Nervousness 
Increased metabolic ratio 
Rapid Heart rate
57
Q

Group of inherited diseases resulting in proliferative lesions of multiple endocrine organs is…

A

Multiple endocrine neoplasia MEN

Year 2 Pathology (19 decks)

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