Muscuoloskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Axial is which part of the skeleton

A

skull
sternum
ribs
vertebral column

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2
Q

Common pathologies of bone are

A
factures
osteoporosis
arthritis 
osteomyelitis
tumours
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3
Q

Fracture healing process

A
  • rupture of blood vessels causes haematoma which fills the fracture gap
  • fibrin meshwork to allow formation of granulation tissue
  • inflammatory cells release cytokines to active osteoblast and osteoclast
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4
Q

Facture healing obstacles

A
  • if bones not aligned
  • if area not immobilised
  • contains dead bone
  • infection
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5
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

decrease in bone mass and density

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6
Q

Causes of osteoporosis

A

imbalance between bone resorption and bone production

hormonal influence - lack of oestrogen
calcium metabolism and Vitamin D deficiency

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7
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Inflammation of a joint

  • pain
  • stiffness
  • swelling
  • warmth
  • redness erythema
  • restricted
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8
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Breakdown of articular cartilage

Most common
Age and obesity
Progressive
Weight baring joints

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9
Q

Risk of osteoarthritis

A
Age
Female sex, menopause
Obesity
Pre-existing joint deformity
Mechanical stress
Genetic/family 
Hypermobility
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10
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Chronic inflammation leads to cartilage and joint destruction
Affects small joints of hands and feet

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11
Q

Crystal Arthropathies

A

Gout

Pseudo gout

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12
Q

What is gout?

A
  • Raised uric acid
  • Breakdown of purine bases by the enzyme xanthine oxidase
  • excreted by kidneys
  • urate deposited as crystals in the joints
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13
Q

Causes of gout?

A
Drugs (aspirin, diuretics)
Alcohol 
Renal disease
Hypothyroidism
Dehydration
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14
Q

What is Pseudo gout?

A

Calcium pyrophosphate crystals in connective tissue

common in knees and ankles

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15
Q

What causes “Crystal shedding”?

A

Crystals in cartilage can enlarge and rupture into a joint cavity or soft tissue

-inflammatory response and synovitis (inflammation of the synovial membrane)

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16
Q

Causes of Pseudo gout

A

Can be hereditary
Associated with osteoarthritis
Trauma or surgery
Common with inc age

17
Q

What is septic arthritis?

A
  • Inflammation in joint caused by bacterial infection
  • commonly affects the knee
  • difficulty in moving the affected joint

Causes severe pain, swelling, redness and heat, high temp

18
Q

Treatment for septic arthritis?

A

IV Abx
Washout of joint
Can cause sepsis

19
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Bone infection caused by bacteria

20
Q

Most common bone tumour is

A

Metastatic disease from a distant cancer

eg prostate, kidney, breast

21
Q

Benign Bone tumour

A

osteoid osteoma

22
Q

Malignant bone tumour

A

sarcoma

23
Q

3 types of normal muscle in the body

A

striated
smooth
cardiac