NEW: External class differences in achievement

Question 1

Douglas -WC parents

Answer 1

found that working class parents placed less value on education. , they were less ambitious for their children, gave them less encouragement As a result their children had lower levels of motivation and achievement

Question 2

Bernstein

Answer 2

He distinguishes between two types of speech code :

• the restricted code= working class. It has limited vocabulary and simple sentences
• the elaborated code= used by middle class. wider vocabulary, longer more grammatically complex sentences

Question 3

Bereiter and engelmann- language

Answer 3

Claim language used in lower class homes in deficient. describe lower class families as communicating by gestures, single words or disjointed phrases. As a result kids fail to develop necessary language skills.

Question 4

What is meant by cultural deprivation

Answer 4

children are no effectively socialised and lack cultural equipment

Question 5

Explain one criticism of cultural deprivation try deprivation Theory

Answer 5

Keddie believes it is just victim blaming and a myth. She points out that children cannot be deprived of its own culture and argues that working class children are simply culturally different not deprived

Question 6

Name two programs which help tack cultural education

Answer 6

Compensatory education- aim to tackle CD in deprived areas by providing extra resources to school + communities

Operation head start: it’s aim to improve deprived children’s environment to develop skills and instil achievement motivation

Sesame Street- included transmitting values, attitudes and skills

Question 7

What does material deprivation mean

Answer 7

Means a lack of those physical necessities that are essential for normal life

Question 8

what are the three main aspects of cultural deprivation

Answer 8

language
parents education
subculture

Question 9

A03 for language (cultural deprivation)

Answer 9

+ Bernstein recognises both home and school fail wc pupils

Question 10

Douglas- parents ed

Answer 10

working class parents place less value on education

Question 11

fernstein - parents ed

Answer 11

parents ed effects children achievement. MC educated so have advantage on how to socialise kids

Question 12

Bernstein and young - parents

Answer 12

MC mothers buy educational toys which encourages reasoning skills

Question 13

how does parents education impact cultural deprivation

Answer 13

• educated parents = consistent discipline and high expectations
• less educated parents = harsh inconsistent discipline
• educated parents use income to improve educational sucess

Question 14

what is a subculture

Answer 14

group whose attitudes differ from mainstream culture

Question 15

sugarman

Answer 15

4 barriers to educational achievement
fatalism: nothing can be done to change status
collectivism: value being part of a group
immediate gratification: seeking pleasure now rather than later
present time orientation: see present as more important, no long term goals
how does this differ to MC

Question 16

A03 for cultural deprivation

Answer 16

• keddie argues that it is a myth, sees it as victim blaming. Not culturally deprived but culturally different

Question 17

what is compensatory ed

Answer 17

aims to tackle cultural deprivation in deprived areas by providing resources to schools + communities
eg operation head start in the US, included improving parenting skills + setting up nursery classes
eg well known sesame street included transmitting values, attitudes and skills

Question 18

key facts for introduction about material deprivation

Answer 18

poverty is closely linked to underachievement

• 1/3 of FSM pupils achieve 5 A-C at GCSE
• those in poverty more likely to have poor attendance
• more likely to be excludes
• 90% of failing schools in deprived areas

Question 19

what material factors affect children’s education

Answer 19

housing, fear of debt and diet and health

Question 20

how does housing impact children’s education

Answer 20

directly: overcrowding = less space for educational activities + development // no room for soft play activities
families in temp housing constantly moving = changing schools + disrupted learning
indirect effect= cold/damp can cause ill health means absences from school

Question 21

how does fear of debt impact education

Answer 21

increases in tuition fees to 9,000.
found WC children are less likely to go to uni due to fear of debt also impacts where they choose to go - want to save travel costs ,miss out on high status uni

Question 22

how does diet and health impact education

Answer 22

pupils from poorer houses have lower intakes of energy, vitamins + minerals. Poor nutrition affects health by weakening the immune system - absences from school
(Howard)

Question 23

A03 for material deprivation

Answer 23

+ Other sociologists agree that material inequalities have a bigger effect on achievement
- only part of the explanation as poor families do succeed. Other factors may be influential eg religious views

Question 24

Bourdieu

Answer 24

he uses capital to explain why MC are more successful. capital = wealth
he combines cultural + material factors to explain ed achievement

Question 25

what is cultural capital

Answer 25

values, language, abilities of MC. More luxury to develop understanding + analyse - benefitting in schoo,

• more likely to develop intellectual interests
• understand ed system
• school devalues mc culture as ‘rough’ leads to exam failure

Question 26

what is educational and economic capital

Answer 26

wealthier parents can convert their economic capital into educational capital by sending kids to private schools and extra tuitions

Question 27

A03 for capital

Answer 27

Sullivan found that cultural capital only accounted for part of the class difference in achievement