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sociology AS > Demography > Flashcards

Demography Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the reason for the decline in birth rates: changes in women’s positions

A
  • there is now easier access to divorce
  • women have more control over fertility and contraception
  • there has been changes in attitudes to family life and women’s roles
  • major changes during the 20th century: legal equality, increased educational opportunities and girls doing better than boys
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2
Q

what did harper say about changes in women’s positions

A
  • education is the most important reason for this. Led to a changed mind set, use of family planning and seeing other opportunities rather than housewife roles
  • Harper also notes that once a pattern of low fertility rates lasts more than one generation, this then becomes norm
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3
Q

what are the reasons for the decline in birth rates: decline in infant mortality rate (IMR)

A
  • better nutrition including that of the mother
  • UK has better housing and sanitation eg flush toilets, clean water reduced diseases
  • 1900: IMR was 154 2012:4
  • AO3: Brass and Kabie argue that IMR is not linked to the decline in b=BR
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4
Q

what did Harper say about the decline in infant mortality rate

A

fall in IMR leads to a fall of birth rates- parents had children to replace lost ones

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5
Q

what is the reason for decline in birth rates: children are now an economic liability

A
  • children remain economically dependent on parents for longer
  • as a result of financial pressures, couples are less willing to have large families
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6
Q

what are the reasons for the decline in birth rates: child centeredness

A
  • -shift from ‘quantity to quality’
  • introduction to compulsory schooling
  • parents have fewer children to give them more resources
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7
Q

what are the reasons for the decline in death rates: improved nutrition

A

McKeown: improved nutrition accounts for up to half reduction in deaths especially TB
However McKeown does not explain why women , who receive smaller accounts of food live longer than men

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8
Q

what are the reasons for the decline in death rates: medical improvements

A
  • improved ,maternity services
  • Advances including antibiotics, immunisation and blood transfusions
  • Deaths from obesity have been kept low as a result of drug therapies- long lifestyle is achieved by costly medication
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9
Q

what are the reasons for the decline in death rates: smoking/diet

A
  • lifestyle changes particularly in the amount of men that smoke
  • obesity has replaced smoking as the new lifestyle epidemic (AO3)
  • Harper= greatest fall comes from reduction of people smoking
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10
Q

what are the reasons for the decline in death rates: public health measures

A
  • greater public knowledge of what causes infection
  • clean air acts reduced air pollution that led to 4,000 deaths
  • improved sewage disposal from the Gov
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11
Q

what are the reasons for the decline in death rates: Other

A
  • smaller families reduce the rate of transmission of infection
  • decline of dangerous manual occupations such as mining
  • higher incomes- healthier lifestyles
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12
Q

explain why life expectancy has increased over the past decade

A

medical improvements such as advances including antibiotics, immusation and blood transfusions

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13
Q

what are the links between life expectancy, class and gender

A

The higher your class the more likely you are to live better and longer as you can afford nutrious food. females live longer than men

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14
Q

which factors affect the size of a country’s population

A

1) birth rate ,2) death rate, 3)immigration 4)emigration

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15
Q

how the population grown in the uk

A

1801: 10.5 million
1901:37 million
current population: 65 million
2031: 71 million
* was a result of natural change, now a result of immigrations

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16
Q

what is the definition of birth rate

A

the number of live births per thousands per year
(birth rates are decline)
long term decline in births since 1900 (28.7) now 12.2! However, 3 ‘baby booms’: after two world wars, 1950s, slight increase 2001

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17
Q

what factors determine birth rate

A
  1. proportion of woman at child bearing age

2. how fertile woman are

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18
Q

what is TFR

A

the fertility rate - average number of children women have. the TFR has risen but is still lower than the past. This reflects the fact that 1) women are remaining childless 2) women are postponing children

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19
Q

what are the numbers for death rates over the years

A

1900: death rate 19
2002:8.9
1930s/40s rose slightly (great depression )

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20
Q

what are the reasons for decline in death rates

A

*transfer: fall in number of deaths due to infectious disease eg measles,TB

21
Q

what are the statistics for an aging population

A

1971: 34.1 years
2013: 40.3
fewer young more old
age pyramid: used to look like a triangle( biggest group was infants, smallest elderly)

22
Q

what are the reasons for the aging population

A
  1. increasing life expectancy
  2. declining infant mortality
  3. declining fertility
23
Q

effects of an aging population: public services

A

older people consume a larger proportion of services such as health and social care than other social groups . This is particularly true against the ‘old old’ (75 +above) as against the ‘young old’(65-74).However we shouldn’t over generalise as many people remain in good health at old age.

24
Q

effects of aging population: ageism

A

This is the negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people on the basis of their age. Ageism towards older people can be discrimination in employment

25
Q

effects of aging population: dependency ratio

A

the non working old who are economically dependent group who need to be provided for by those of working age. eg through taxation to pay for tensions to pay for pensions and health care. As the number of retired people rises, this increases the dependency ratio

26
Q

effects of aging population: one pensioner households

A

the number of pensioners living abroad has increased and one person households now account for about 12.5% or 1 in8 of all households. Most of these are woman as they live longer and are usually younger

27
Q

effects of aging population: post modern society

A

post-modernists sociologists argue that in todays society the fixed , orderly stages of the life course have broken down. eg children dressing adult styles begins to blur the boundaries between the lifestyles. This gives individuals a greater choice of lifestyle whatever the age.

28
Q

definition of immigration

A

moving into a society

29
Q

definition of emigration

A

movement out

30
Q

what is net migration

A

difference between immigrants + emigrants

31
Q

what was immigration like in the UK

A

1900-1945: Irish, followed by European/Jews
1950s: Black Caribbean’s began to arrive, followed by south Asians
consequence: ethically diverse society, family diversity
nationality acts placed severe restrictions on non whites

32
Q

name some UK emigration facts

A

-16th century-80s: net exporter of people, more people emigrated to live elsewhere than come to settle in the UK

33
Q

what are the main reasons for emigration

A

mainly economic reasons: push factors= employment

pull factors=higher wages

34
Q

what is the impact migration in the UK

A
  • population size: UK is currently growing, more immigrants than emigrants ( 47% non-EU citizens). neutral increase (births )
  • age structure: lowers the average age directly immigrants are younger and indirectly(more fertile, more babies )
  • dependency ratio: lowers because migrants are of an working age. Highers because immigrants have more children
35
Q

what does globalisation mean

A

societies are becoming interconnected

36
Q

what is globalisation a result of

A

result of many processes such as communication systems, media, creation of global markets, fall of communism..

37
Q

what are the three main trends in global migration

A
  1. acceleration: migration is speeding up
  2. differentation: increasing diversity of migrants
  3. feminsation: almost half of migrants are female
38
Q

what did vertovec say about globalisation and migration

A

super diversity-migrants come from eider range of countries, cultures, religions, legal statuses

39
Q

what did cohen say about globalisation and migration

A

three types of migrants :1. citizens eg voting rights (now harder to gain citizenship)2. Denizens (privileged foreign nationals) 3.Helots (slaves, unskilled workers)

40
Q

what did shutes say about globalisation and migration

A

40% of adults care nurses are migrants. Transfer of ‘emotional labour’

41
Q

what are the types of migrant identities

A

hybrid identities and transnational identities

42
Q

what did Eade say about hybrid identities

A

Bangladeshi British Muslims see themselves first as Muslim, then Bangladeshi, them British. Challenge people who say ‘you are not one of us’

43
Q

what did Erikson say about transnational identities

A

back and forth migration means migrants are less likely to see themselves belonging to one culture eg Chinese in Rome see mandarin as more important than Italian because of their connections around the world

44
Q

what is the policisation of migration

A

important political issue, policies to control immigration/ security

45
Q

what does assimilation mean

A

first state policy, encouraged immigrants to adopt language, customs. Faced problem that transnational identities to willing to abandon culture

46
Q

what does multiculturalism mean

A

accepts that migrants may wish to retain a separate cultural identity. But there are two types: shallow and deep diversity

47
Q

what are the two types of cultural diversity

A

Erikson distinguishes: shallow diversity: eg accepting curry as a British dish
Deep diversity: eg arranged marriages not acceptable.

48
Q

why hasn’t there been a move towards multiculturalism

A

since terrorist attacks there has been a swing back to assimilation eg France. However, criticised as marking out minorities as “backwards “ and scapegoating

sociology AS (22 decks)

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