key studies-social class and ethnicty

Question 1

Sharpe

Answer 1

Interviewed girls in the 1970s and 1990s showing a major shift in the way girls see their future:
1974: girls had low aspirations also believed educational success was unfeminine. They have their priorities as ‘ love , marriage , husbands, children’s, jobs and careers …’
1990: by this time girls ambitions has changed to having careers and being able to support themselves. Sharpe
Found women were more independent and not reliant on men

Question 2

McRobbie

Answer 2

Study of girls magazines. In 1970s they emphasised the importance of getting married and not being left on the shelf whereas nowadays contain images of assertive, independent woman.

Question 3

Evans

Answer 3

She studied a groups of 21 we girls from a south London comprehensive studying for A levels. Evans found that they were reluctant to apply to elite unis such as oxbridge and that the few who did apply felt a sense of hidden barriers and of not fitting in

Question 4

Lupton

Answer 4

Argues that adult authority in Asian families is similar to the model that operates in schools. She found that respectful behaviour towards adults was expected from children. This had a knock on effect in school, since parents were more likely to be supportive of school behaviour policies

Question 5

What is meant by ethnicity

Answer 5

Shared culture and identity

Question 6

Rank achievement by ethnicity in order

Answer 6

Chinese 
Indian 
Bangladeshi 
White British 
Black African 
Pakistani 
Black Caribbean 
Gypsy / Roma

Question 7

What is meant by cultural deprivation

Answer 7

(Theory )

Sees under achievement of some ethnic groups due to inadequate socialisation at home

Question 8

What did Mirza argue about Bereiter and Engelmanns study of language

Answer 8

Note that Indian pupils do well despite English not being their home language

Question 9

How does lone parenthood link to achievement

Answer 9

Financially can’t afford resources plus no male role model

Question 10

How does Sewell emphasis lone parenthood’s

Answer 10

Argues that underachievement is due to lack of tough love not absence of father love

Question 11

What is “ Asian work ethic “

Answer 11

Place Hugh value on education- authority at home similar to school

Question 12

Give three facts related to maternal deprivation and ethnicity

Answer 12

Economic capital , cultural and educational

Question 13

Explain own criticism of maternal deprivation.

Answer 13

Indian and Chinese who are maternally deprived still do better than most

Question 14

How does racism in wider society link to underachievement

Answer 14

Discrimination in housing means put in substandard housing which can lead to underachieving

Question 15

What did Gillborn and Youdell find out about radicalised expectations

Answer 15

Teachers well discipline black students than white students who did the same behaviour

Question 16

What are the three different pupil identities according to archer

Answer 16

Ideal pupil
Pathologised pupils
Deomonised pupils

Question 17

What did Mac and Ghaill discover about labelling black girls

Answer 17

They rejected negative labels

Question 18

What were the 4 ways boys that responded to labelling according to Sewell

Answer 18

The labels , the conformists , retreatists , innovators

Question 19

What is the critical race theory

Answer 19

Sees racism as an ingrained feature of society

Question 20

What does locked in inequality mean

Answer 20

The scale of historical discrimination is so large there longer needs to be conscious intent to discrimination

Question 21

What did the commission for racial equality find

Answer 21

Racism in schools admissions procedures means ethnicity minority kids more likely in unpopular schools

Question 22

What is meant by ethnocentric curriculum

Answer 22

And attitude/ policy that gives priority to only one ethnic group

Question 23

What is the ‘ gifted and talented ‘ group

Answer 23

Created with the aim of meeting the needs of more able students in bad schools

Question 24

What is meant by new iqism

Answer 24

Gillborn argues teachers and policy makers make false assumptions about the future of pupils ability

Question 25

Explain one criticism of Gillborn

Answer 25

That ethnic differences in achievement are the one result of institutional racism focus on 2 issues:
1 the overachievement of Indian and Chinese pupils

2 the underachievement if some minority groups such as black boys

Question 26

Attitudes and values in a culturally deprived home

Answer 26

• lack of motivation as a major cause of failure for black children
• socialised I go a ‘fatalistic ‘ culture - live for today
• lack of competitiveness , long term goals - Un equipped for educational success

Question 27

Family structure / parental support in culturally deprived homes

Answer 27

• many black families headed by lone mother
• deprived of adequate care due to financially struggling
• fathers absence lack adequate role model

Question 28

Sewell

Answer 28

Father and gangs
- lack of fatherly nurturing which is the problem ‘ tough love/ disciplines
- harder for Black teens in terms of emotions
-

Question 29

What are Asian families said to be like

Answer 29

Supportive families - Asian work ethic

Place High value on education

Question 30

What are white working class families said to be like

Answer 30

• white WC pupils who underachieve also have lower aspirations. Ethnic minorities are more likely to aspire to go to uni
• result of lack of parental support hand fatalistic attitudes

Question 31

What does cultural deprivation mean

Answer 31

The argument that children from low income black families lack interllectual / stimulating experiences
Also they are not able to develop reasoning / problem solving skills

Question 32

Name some disadvantages associated with material deprivation

Answer 32

• almost half of all ethnic minority children live in low income households, compared to a quarter of white children
• ethnic minorities are discriminated against when it comes to housing and applications
• more ethnic minorities live in economically depressed areas with high unemployment rates

Question 33

What are the internal factors about exclusions in schools

Answer 33

• Black Caribbean students have higher levels of permanent exclusions
• Also suffer unofficial exclusions
• only 1 in 5 excluded pupils achieve 5 A-Cs

Question 34

How are steaming and ethnicity linked

Answer 34

‘ A-C ‘ economy : black students more likely to be placed in lower sets
Put in sets based in stereotypes , rather than ability, leading to a self fulfilling prophecy

Question 35

In sociology how are Asian pupils described

Answer 35

• victim of labelling
• teachers take for granted that British culture is superior
• spoken to in a childish like language / left out in discussions

Question 36

What did archer find

Answer 36

Teachers label students based on three different categories: ideal
Pupil identity , pathologised pupil identity and demonised pupil
Identity

Question 37

What is the ideal pupil identity?

Answer 37

A white middle class , masculine identity with normal sexuality. Seen as achieving in the right way

Question 38

What is a pathologised pupil identity

Answer 38

An Asian “deserving poor “ , feminised identity, either a sexual or with an oppressed sexuality. Succeeds through hard work rather than natural ability

Question 39

What is the demonised pupil identity

Answer 39

A black or white working class , unintelligent, culturally deprived and underachiever

Question 40

Which pupil identity are ethnic minorities placed in

Answer 40

Either demonised or pathologised

Question 41

How are Asian girls stereotyped

Answer 41

Quiet ,passive and docile

Question 42

How are Chinese girls stereotyped

Answer 42

Passive , quiet , hardworking , too quiet

Question 43

What is a’ negative-positive’ stereotype

Answer 43

Achieving success in the wrong way

Question 44

Fuller a mac an Ghaill

Answer 44

Year 11 high achieving black girls in London

• rejected negative stereotypes and challenged anger towards educational success
• positive attitude to educational success but not towards teachers
• highlights pupils may success even when they refuse to conform and negative LABELLING DOES NOT ALWAYS LEAD TO FAILURE

Question 45

“Locked in inequality “

Answer 45

For critical race theorists such as Daria Roithmayr , institutional racism is ‘locked in inequality ‘. The scale of historical discrimination is so large that there no longer needs to be conscious intent to discriminate

Question 46

Gillborn and Youdell (internal )

Answer 46

Found teachers were stereotypical when streaming. Teachers are less likely to see working class students as having ability. Also found how teachers has racialised expectations- quicker to discipline black students.

Question 47

coard (internal )

Answer 47

explains how ethnocentric curriculum may produce underachievement . he argues that this image of black people as inferior undermines black children self esteem and leads to their failure.

Question 48

moore and davenpoort (internal )

Answer 48

they show how selection procedures lead to ethnic segregation with minority pupils failing to get better secondary schools due to discrimination. these procedures favour white pupils and have disadvantaged those of ethnic minority backgrounds

Question 49

bereiter and engelmann (external )

Answer 49

did a study on low income black american families. Argue that WC language is deficient. WC children develop deficient language skills which may affect writing essays

Question 50

evans (external )

Answer 50

argues that street culture in white WC areas are brutal so young people have to learn to withstand imitation. school can be used as game to bring street culture.

Question 51

lupton ( external )

Answer 51

argues that adult authority in Asian families is similar to models in schools. she found respectful behaviour to adults is expected. parents are more likely to be supportive of schools.