key studies-social class and ethnicty Flashcards
Sharpe
Interviewed girls in the 1970s and 1990s showing a major shift in the way girls see their future:
1974: girls had low aspirations also believed educational success was unfeminine. They have their priorities as ‘ love , marriage , husbands, children’s, jobs and careers …’
1990: by this time girls ambitions has changed to having careers and being able to support themselves. Sharpe
Found women were more independent and not reliant on men
McRobbie
Study of girls magazines. In 1970s they emphasised the importance of getting married and not being left on the shelf whereas nowadays contain images of assertive, independent woman.
Evans
She studied a groups of 21 we girls from a south London comprehensive studying for A levels. Evans found that they were reluctant to apply to elite unis such as oxbridge and that the few who did apply felt a sense of hidden barriers and of not fitting in
Lupton
Argues that adult authority in Asian families is similar to the model that operates in schools. She found that respectful behaviour towards adults was expected from children. This had a knock on effect in school, since parents were more likely to be supportive of school behaviour policies
What is meant by ethnicity
Shared culture and identity
Rank achievement by ethnicity in order
Chinese Indian Bangladeshi White British Black African Pakistani Black Caribbean Gypsy / Roma
What is meant by cultural deprivation
(Theory )
Sees under achievement of some ethnic groups due to inadequate socialisation at home
What did Mirza argue about Bereiter and Engelmanns study of language
Note that Indian pupils do well despite English not being their home language
How does lone parenthood link to achievement
Financially can’t afford resources plus no male role model
How does Sewell emphasis lone parenthood’s
Argues that underachievement is due to lack of tough love not absence of father love
What is “ Asian work ethic “
Place Hugh value on education- authority at home similar to school
Give three facts related to maternal deprivation and ethnicity
Economic capital , cultural and educational
Explain own criticism of maternal deprivation.
Indian and Chinese who are maternally deprived still do better than most
How does racism in wider society link to underachievement
Discrimination in housing means put in substandard housing which can lead to underachieving
What did Gillborn and Youdell find out about radicalised expectations
Teachers well discipline black students than white students who did the same behaviour
What are the three different pupil identities according to archer
Ideal pupil
Pathologised pupils
Deomonised pupils
What did Mac and Ghaill discover about labelling black girls
They rejected negative labels
What were the 4 ways boys that responded to labelling according to Sewell
The labels , the conformists , retreatists , innovators
What is the critical race theory
Sees racism as an ingrained feature of society
What does locked in inequality mean
The scale of historical discrimination is so large there longer needs to be conscious intent to discrimination
What did the commission for racial equality find
Racism in schools admissions procedures means ethnicity minority kids more likely in unpopular schools
What is meant by ethnocentric curriculum
And attitude/ policy that gives priority to only one ethnic group
What is the ‘ gifted and talented ‘ group
Created with the aim of meeting the needs of more able students in bad schools
What is meant by new iqism
Gillborn argues teachers and policy makers make false assumptions about the future of pupils ability
Explain one criticism of Gillborn
That ethnic differences in achievement are the one result of institutional racism focus on 2 issues:
1 the overachievement of Indian and Chinese pupils
2 the underachievement if some minority groups such as black boys
Attitudes and values in a culturally deprived home
- lack of motivation as a major cause of failure for black children
- socialised I go a ‘fatalistic ‘ culture - live for today
- lack of competitiveness , long term goals - Un equipped for educational success
Family structure / parental support in culturally deprived homes
- many black families headed by lone mother
- deprived of adequate care due to financially struggling
- fathers absence lack adequate role model
Sewell
Father and gangs
- lack of fatherly nurturing which is the problem ‘ tough love/ disciplines
- harder for Black teens in terms of emotions
-
What are Asian families said to be like
Supportive families - Asian work ethic
Place High value on education
What are white working class families said to be like
- white WC pupils who underachieve also have lower aspirations. Ethnic minorities are more likely to aspire to go to uni
- result of lack of parental support hand fatalistic attitudes
What does cultural deprivation mean
The argument that children from low income black families lack interllectual / stimulating experiences
Also they are not able to develop reasoning / problem solving skills
Name some disadvantages associated with material deprivation
- almost half of all ethnic minority children live in low income households, compared to a quarter of white children
- ethnic minorities are discriminated against when it comes to housing and applications
- more ethnic minorities live in economically depressed areas with high unemployment rates
What are the internal factors about exclusions in schools
- Black Caribbean students have higher levels of permanent exclusions
- Also suffer unofficial exclusions
- only 1 in 5 excluded pupils achieve 5 A-Cs
How are steaming and ethnicity linked
‘ A-C ‘ economy : black students more likely to be placed in lower sets
Put in sets based in stereotypes , rather than ability, leading to a self fulfilling prophecy
In sociology how are Asian pupils described
- victim of labelling
- teachers take for granted that British culture is superior
- spoken to in a childish like language / left out in discussions
What did archer find
Teachers label students based on three different categories: ideal
Pupil identity , pathologised pupil identity and demonised pupil
Identity
What is the ideal pupil identity?
A white middle class , masculine identity with normal sexuality. Seen as achieving in the right way
What is a pathologised pupil identity
An Asian “deserving poor “ , feminised identity, either a sexual or with an oppressed sexuality. Succeeds through hard work rather than natural ability
What is the demonised pupil identity
A black or white working class , unintelligent, culturally deprived and underachiever
Which pupil identity are ethnic minorities placed in
Either demonised or pathologised
How are Asian girls stereotyped
Quiet ,passive and docile
How are Chinese girls stereotyped
Passive , quiet , hardworking , too quiet
What is a’ negative-positive’ stereotype
Achieving success in the wrong way
Fuller a mac an Ghaill
Year 11 high achieving black girls in London
- rejected negative stereotypes and challenged anger towards educational success
- positive attitude to educational success but not towards teachers
- highlights pupils may success even when they refuse to conform and negative LABELLING DOES NOT ALWAYS LEAD TO FAILURE
“Locked in inequality “
For critical race theorists such as Daria Roithmayr , institutional racism is ‘locked in inequality ‘. The scale of historical discrimination is so large that there no longer needs to be conscious intent to discriminate
Gillborn and Youdell (internal )
Found teachers were stereotypical when streaming. Teachers are less likely to see working class students as having ability. Also found how teachers has racialised expectations- quicker to discipline black students.
coard (internal )
explains how ethnocentric curriculum may produce underachievement . he argues that this image of black people as inferior undermines black children self esteem and leads to their failure.
moore and davenpoort (internal )
they show how selection procedures lead to ethnic segregation with minority pupils failing to get better secondary schools due to discrimination. these procedures favour white pupils and have disadvantaged those of ethnic minority backgrounds
bereiter and engelmann (external )
did a study on low income black american families. Argue that WC language is deficient. WC children develop deficient language skills which may affect writing essays
evans (external )
argues that street culture in white WC areas are brutal so young people have to learn to withstand imitation. school can be used as game to bring street culture.
lupton ( external )
argues that adult authority in Asian families is similar to models in schools. she found respectful behaviour to adults is expected. parents are more likely to be supportive of schools.
