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sociology AS > Changing Family Patterns > Flashcards

Changing Family Patterns Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the household patterns/ trends

A
  • divorce rates have increased
  • people are marrying later in life
  • there are more lone parent families
  • more couples are cohabitating
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2
Q

explanations for the increase of divorce: law

A

Diffcult to obtain, especially for women. Three kinds of changes:

  1. equalising the grounds for divorce
  2. widening the grounds (sharp rise)
  3. making divorce cheaper (legal aid)
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3
Q

what are the other solutions to an unhappy marriage

A
  1. desertion: partners leaves but remains legally married
  2. legal separation: separate financial + legal affairs
  3. empty shell marriage: live under sane roof but nit together
    these solutions have become less common now divorce is easier
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4
Q

explanations for the increase of divorce: stigma

A

stigma= negative label

in the past. churches condemned divorce, refused to marry divorcees

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5
Q

what did Mitchell and goody say about the stigma against divorce

A

as stigma declines, couples more willing to give up and resort to divorce
divorce is ‘normalised’ - no longer shameful but a misfortune

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6
Q

explanations for increase of divorce: secularisation

A
  • decline in the influence of religion
  • church rates continue to decline
  • people less likely to be influenced by religious teachings
  • churches softening views on divorce for fear of losing members
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7
Q

explanations for increase of divorce: expectations

A
  • ideology of romantic love: Mr and Mrs right
  • Reason to divorce to find true soulmate
  • in the past, individuals had little choice who they married, family was a unit of production, duty
  • Entered marriage with lower expectations and less dissatisfied
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8
Q

what are the functionalist views on the expectations of divorce

A
  • fletcher= higher expectations make couples

- functionalist take an optimistic view -rate of remarriages shows marriage is still popular.

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9
Q

what are the feminist views on the expectations for divorce

A

they argue that the oppression of women within the family is the main cause of marital conflict and divorce , but functionalist ignore this

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10
Q

explanations for increase in divorce: independence

A

-women are more likely to be in paid work, narrower pay gap, girls greater success in education, welfare benefits- women do not need a husband

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11
Q

what did Allan and crow say about independence which leads to an increase in divorce

A

fewer family firms and no longer a unit of production. separate source of income and no need to tolerate conflicts

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12
Q

explanations for increase in divorce: feminism

A
  • dual burden new source of conflict
  • change in the family has been slow and limited
  • marriage remains patriarchal, triple shift
  • both couples working means less time for ‘emotional’ work
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13
Q

what did Hochshild say about feminism being the cause for the rise in divorce

A

home compares to work unfavourably-more valued at work

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14
Q

what did Rushton say about feminism being the cause for increase in divorce

A

dual workers more likely to be divorced than non working mothers, contrasted with cooke and gash, no evidence as working is now the norm

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15
Q

what did Bernard say about feminism being the cause for increase in divorce

A

radical feminist, more women are becoming aware of patriarchal oppression + doing something about it

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16
Q

what does divorce mean?

A

legal termination of marriage

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17
Q

name some statistics about divorce

A
  • 40% of marriages will end in divorce
  • 65% divorce petitions come from women
  • numbers have fallen over the years but that is because less people are getting married
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18
Q

what is the meaning of a high divorce rate (new right)- no

A

see divorce rate as undesirable because it undermines marriage and the traditional nuclear family, which they regard vital to social stability.

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19
Q

what do the new right argue high divorce rates creates

A

creates a growing underclass of welfare dependent female lone parents who are a burden on the state and it leaves boys without the adult male role model they need. Also results in poorer health + education

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20
Q

what is the meaning of a high divorce rate (feminists)-yes

A

see a high divorce rate as desirable because it shows that women are breaking free from the oppression of the patriarchal nuclear family

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21
Q

what is the meaning of a high divorce rate ( post modernists and the individualisation)- yes

A

see a high divorce rate as showing that individuals now have the freedom to choose to end a relationship when it no longer meets their needs. they see it as a major cause of greater family diversity

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22
Q

what is the meaning of a high divorce rate (functionalists)- yes and no

A

argue that high divorce is not necessarily a threat to marriage as a social institution. it is simply the result peoples higher expectations of marriage today. The high rate of remarriages show people continuing commitment to the idea of marriage

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23
Q

what is the meaning of a high divorce rate (interactionalists)- yes and no

A

Morgan: cannot generalise meaning of divorce because everyone experiences are different.
Mitchell and Goody: one interviewee said the day her father left was the best day of her life

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24
Q

what are the trends of marriage

A
  • marriage rates are at their lowest since 1920s
  • more remarriages: serial monogamy
  • people are marriages later (32 Men, 30 women)
  • less likely to marry in church
25
Q

what are the reasons for the change in trends for marriage

A
  1. changing attitudes: less pressure to marry, more freedom to choose. Quality of a relationship is more important than illegal status
  2. secularisation: influence of church declines. 31% of non religious people married in 2012
  3. declining stigma: cohabitation now acceptable, no ‘shotgun’ weddings
  4. position of women: better educational career prospects
  5. fear of divorce: rising divorce rates
26
Q

what are the trends about cohabitation

A
  • cohabitating with children increasing rapidly
  • 1 in 8 adults cohabitating
  • 69,000 same sex cohabitating couples
  • fifth are ‘serial cohabitants’
27
Q

what are the reasons for the trends in cohabitation

A
  1. decline in stigma, more people agreeing with pre-marital sex
  2. young are more likely to cohabitate
  3. women are more financially independent
  4. secularisation : mom- religious people more likely to cohabitate
28
Q

what are the trends for one person households

A

rise in people living alone (3 in 10 households, 40% are over 65) in 20 years, 30% of the adult population will be single

29
Q

what are the reasons for the trends with one- person households

A
  1. increase in divorce
  2. men are more likely to live without their children
  3. decline in marriage
  4. ‘creative singlehood’ - choice
  5. too few partners available
30
Q

what is the relationship between marriage and cohabitation

A
  • relationship is not clear out

- cohabitation maybe a step to marriage or permanent solution

31
Q

what did Chester say about marriage and cohabitation

A

cohabitating is a proceed before marriage, 75% expect to marry each other

32
Q

what did Bejin say about trial marriage

A

cohabitation among young people represents a conscious attempt to create a more personally negotiated and equal relationship rather than a patriarchal one

33
Q

what did Shelton and John say about trial marriage

A

women who cohabitate do less house work

34
Q

what did stonewall say about same sex relationships

A

5-7% of the population are in gay relationships. However due to the stigma attached, may not be accurate figure

35
Q

what is said about same sex relationship’s in family patterns

A

increased social acceptance: decriminalised in 1967, age of consent equalised, opinion polls show more tolerance
social policies treats all couples equally eg same sex marriage in 2014

36
Q

what did weeks say about chosen families

A

acceptance for gays creates ,’friendship as kinship’, offer security and stability

37
Q

what did Weston say about chosen families

A

‘quasi-marriage’ - gay couples deciding to cohabit compared to the 70s which rejected monogamy

38
Q

what did Allan and crow say about chosen families

A

same sex relationships less stable/ more flexible because of the absence of legal frameworks

39
Q

what did Einasdottir say about chosen families

A

whilst many gay couples welcome equality, some are worried relationships may lose flexibility

40
Q

what did Duncan and Philips BSA say about living apart together

A

1 in 10 living alone but in a relationship

41
Q

what is said about living apart together

A
  • reflects a trend towards less formal relationships
  • constraint also pays a part eg affordability
  • However for most it is a choice eg to keep own home
42
Q

what are the patterns between parents and children

A
  • nearly half of all babies are born outside marriage
  • However, nearly all of them are registered by both parents
  • More women are having children later, less children remaining childless
43
Q

what are the reasons for the patterns between parents and children

A
  1. declining in stigma/increased cohabitation
  2. womens careers
  3. more options for women
44
Q

what are the patterns for lone parents

A
  • 1 in 4 children are brought up in lone parents households
  • 90% headed by mothers
  • pre 1990s: divorced women biggest group. post 1990:single women biggest group
  • lone parent families children are twice as likely to grow up in poverty
45
Q

what are the reasons for the patterns in lone parent families

A
  1. increase in divorce
  2. increase in unmarried women
  3. decline in stigma
46
Q

why are lone parent families headed by females

A
  1. widespread belief that women are more ‘nurturing’
  2. divorce courts usually give custody to women
  3. men may be less willing to give up work
47
Q

what did Cashmore say about single by choice

A

working class low earner women choose to live on benefits because of abuse

48
Q

what are the trends for step families

A
  • 10% of all family types

- more common to live with children from a women’s previous relationship

49
Q

what are the reasons for the trends in step families

A
  1. increase of lone parents
    2.children more likely to remain with mother
  2. greater risk of poverty because of child support
    4tensions may be caused by lack of norms
50
Q

what did the new right say about poverty

A

Murray: more lone parents families because of the welfare system

51
Q

what does perverse incentive mean

A

rewarding irresponsible behaviour

52
Q

what does dependency culture

A

assume state will support them.

53
Q

name a solution for poverty

A

abolish benefits

54
Q

what are the criticisms for poverty

A
  1. lack of affordable childcare (60% lone mothers unemployed)
  2. low benefits
  3. women earn less than men
  4. failure of men paying child support
55
Q

name factors about black families

A
  • higher proportion of lone parent families

- over half, compared to 1 in 9 Asian families

56
Q

how is the factors about black families explained

A
  1. family disorganisation from slavery

2. higher rates of unemployment amongst black men

57
Q

what did Mirza say about black families

A

reflects the high value that black women place on independence. Many lone parents in stable home or cohabitating

58
Q

name factors about Asian families

A
  • majority larger families
    -sometimes contains 3 generations
  • ## higher proportion in childbearing age
59
Q

what does Charles say about the extended family today

A

class 3 generations living under one roof now extinct (excepts Bangladeshi)

sociology AS (22 decks)

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