Neurologic Conditions

Question 1

Leading causes of TBI

Answer 1

falls
MVA

Question 2

primary prevention of TBI

Answer 2

• at moment of impact
• safety mechanisms such as safety belts

Question 3

secondary prevention of TBI

Answer 3

• days to weeks after injury
• medical interventions controlling BP, O2 levels and intracranial pressure

Question 4

Stages of TBI

Answer 4

• Primary- at moment of impact
• secondary- days to weeks after injury

Question 5

focal TBI

Answer 5

direct blow to the head resulting from collision with external object

Question 6

multifocal and diffuse TBI

Answer 6

sudden deceleration of body and head

Question 7

clinical symptoms of TBI

Answer 7

• abdnormal tone
• primitive reflexes
• muscle weakness
• decreased functional endurance
• ataxia
• changes in sensation

Question 8

decorticate rigidity

Answer 8

• UE flexed, internal rotation, adduction
• LE extended internal rotation and adducted

Question 9

decerebrate rigidity

Answer 9

UE and LE extended, adducted, internal rotation

Question 10

primitive reflexes with TBI

Answer 10

• impaired righting reflexes
• absence of equilibrium reactions and protective extension

Question 11

W/c positioning for TBI

Answer 11

• prevent skin breakdown
• improve respiration, swallowing, interaction iwth environment

Question 12

Splinting intervention for TBI

Answer 12

• resting splint alternating 2 hr periods
• Cone splint for palm protection
• antispasticity splint
• elbow cast for loss of PROM in elbow flexors

Question 13

when do TBI patients typically begin inpatient rehab

Answer 13

when they reach Rancho level V or greater

Question 14

Goals of inpatient rehab for TBI

Answer 14

• optimize motor function
• visual abilities
• cognition
• speech, dysphagia, feeding
• mobility
• community and home reintegration
• behavioral and emotional adaptation

Question 15

treatments for ataxia

Answer 15

• compensatory strategies
• weighting body parts with tools

Question 16

treatments for apraxia

Answer 16

hand-over-hand exercises to repair damaged neural pathways

Question 17

treatment of expressive aphasia

Answer 17

recognize errors and have them verbalize what they meant to say

Question 18

Goals for post-acute rehab phase of TBI

Answer 18

• home-based therapy
• cognition
• visual funciton
• Maximizing ADL and IADL skills
• Leisure and social participation
• behavioral and emotional regulation

Question 19

teaching technique for maximizing I/ADL skills in TBI

Answer 19

errorless learning, fading cues, positive encouragement

Question 21

describe stroke

Answer 21

nontraumatic acquired brain injury caused by a lesion in the brain

Question 22

neurological impairments resulting from stroke

Answer 22

• motor dysfunction
• trunk/postural control impairments
• communication
• cognitive impairmnt
• UE impairments

Question 23

global aphasia

Answer 23

loss of all language ability

Question 24

broca’s aphasia

Answer 24

broken, slow, labored speech with misprononciations

Question 25

Wernicke's/receptive aphasia

Answer 25

- impaired auditory reception - speech may be fluent but nonsensical

Question 26

Anomic aphasia

Answer 26

difficulty with word finding

Question 27

dysarthria

Answer 27

difficulty with speech d/t paralysis of speech organs

Question 28

cog impairment with spatial relations

Answer 28

difficulty perceiving distance and object placement

Question 29

spatial neglect

Answer 29

inability to recognize stimuli in a particular area, generally on the contralateral side of the body

Question 30

body neglect

Answer 30

spatial neglect of client's own body generally on the contralateral side

Question 31

motor apraxia

Answer 31

difficulty completing planned movements

Question 32

ideational apraxia

Answer 32

difficulty conceptualizing planned multistep movements

Question 33

figure-ground difficulties

Answer 33

difficulty differentiating an object from its background

Question 34

visual agnosia

Answer 34

difficulty recognizing objects

Question 35

what causes subluxation

Answer 35

humeral head moving down from joint d/t paralyzed muscles

Question 36

abnormal muscle movements after a stoke may cause what

Answer 36

- edema - overstretching - muscle shortening - damage to joints and soft tissues

Question 37

lesion site of quadraplegia

Answer 37

T1 or higher

Question 38

Lesion site of paraplegia

Answer 38

T2 or lower

Question 39

complete lesion deficits

Answer 39

no motor or sensory funciton below level on injury

Question 40

incomplete lesion deficits

Answer 40

may involve number of neurological segments and sensorimotor function may be partially or completely intact

Question 41

what is the zone of partial preservation

Answer 41

complete injury with some innervation of dermatomes below the level of injury

Question 42

what happens during spinal shock

Answer 42

- 24 hrs - 6 weeks - absence of reflexes below the level of injury

Question 43

prognosis of spinal cord injury

Answer 43

- if sensory or motor fxn occur in 24-48 hours, motor fxn less likely to return - most recovery within 3 months and up to 18 months

Question 44

zone of partial preservation recovery

Answer 44

- strengthening muscles here can dramatically improve functional performance

Question 45

at what SCI level is orthostatic hypotension a risk

Answer 45

T6 or higher

Question 46

how to position SCI patients with orthostatic hypotension

Answer 46

elevate feet

Question 47

what is heterotropic ossification

Answer 47

abnormal growth of bone where it wouldn't typically grow

Question 48

At what SCI level is bowel and bladder function affected

Answer 48

S2-S5 and above

Question 49

Nociceptive pain

Answer 49

pain caused by damage to body tissue

Question 50

neuropathic pain

Answer 50

nerve damage that causes noxious sensation below injury level