Neuroimuno - Doenças granulomatosas e paquimeningites Flashcards

1
Q

O que é a histiocitose de células Langerhans?

A

Doença granulomatosa do sistema dendrítico

Esta condição é caracterizada pela proliferação anormal de células do sistema imunológico chamadas células Langerhans.

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2
Q

Qual é o comprometimento mais comum do SNC na histiocitose de células Langerhans?

A

Sistema hipotálamo-hipofisário, cursando com diabetes insipidus

Também pode afetar meninges, sistema pituitário e parênquima cerebral.

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3
Q

Quais são as duas outras alterações parenquimatosas encontradas na histiocitose de células Langerhans?

A
  • Dilated Virchow-Robin spaces (VRS)
  • Leukoencephalopathy pattern

Essas alterações podem ser observadas além das lesões neurodegenerativas.

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4
Q

Como é a apresentação clínica da histiocitose de células Langerhans?

A

Varia de uma única lesão óssea a envolvimento multiorgânico

O curso é imprevisível, com regressão espontânea ou recidivas crônicas.

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5
Q

Quais são os quatro grupos de pacientes clinicamente distinguíveis na histiocitose de células Langerhans?

A
  • Disordem do sistema hipotálamo-hipofisário
  • Sintomas dependentes do local devido a lesões ocupando espaço
  • Disfunção neurológica seguindo a via cerebelar-pontina
  • Sobreposição de sintomas

Cada grupo apresenta características clínicas distintas e variações na gravidade dos sintomas.

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6
Q

O que é a doença de Rosai-Dorfman?

A

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML)

A doença é mais comum em jovens adultos, especialmente em homens.

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7
Q

Quais são os sintomas clássicos da doença de Rosai-Dorfman?

A
  • Cervical lymphadenopathy
  • Febre
  • Perda de peso
  • Taxa de sedimentação de eritrócitos elevada

Esses sintomas estão presentes em aproximadamente 90% dos casos.

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8
Q

Qual é a taxa de resolução espontânea na doença de Rosai-Dorfman?

A

70% a 80%

A maioria dos casos é autolimitada, embora o curso clínico possa ser crônico ou flutuante.

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9
Q

Como a doença de Rosai-Dorfman se apresenta em exames de imagem?

A

Lesões bem definidas baseadas na dura-máter com hipointensidade ou isointensidade em T1WI e T2WI

As lesões podem apresentar realce homogêneo após a administração de gadolínio.

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10
Q

O que caracteriza a doença de Erdheim-Chester?

A

Infiltrado xantogranulomatoso e envolvimento ósseo

Esta condição é uma doença histiocítica sistêmica rara de etiologia desconhecida.

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11
Q

Quais são os sintomas e sinais mais frequentes da doença de Erdheim-Chester?

A
  • Diabetes insipidus central
  • Sintomas cerebelares

O diabetes insipidus pode ser o primeiro sintoma da ECD e persistir por muitos anos.

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12
Q

Onde as lesões na doença de Erdheim-Chester são frequentemente verificadas?

A

Compartimento infratentorial, incluindo tronco encefálico e cerebelo

As lesões intraparenquimatosas são muito incomuns.

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13
Q

Quais são os achados possíveis na ressonância magnética (MRI) para a doença de Erdheim-Chester?

A
  • Perda de intensidade de sinal alto do lobo posterior da hipófise em T1WI
  • Espessamento do pedúnculo hipofisário
  • Lesões semelhantes a tumores

Esses achados são indicativos de envolvimento do eixo hipotálamo-hipofisário.

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14
Q

What are the early symptoms of hypertrophic pachymeningitis?

A

Headache and cranial nerve involvement, especially cranial nerves II and VII.

Up to 92% of patients experience headache.

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15
Q

Which cranial nerves are predominantly affected in hypertrophic pachymeningitis?

A

Cranial nerves II and VII.

These may be affected due to nerve compression or orbital pseudotumor.

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16
Q

What are common neurological symptoms associated with hypertrophic pachymeningitis?

A

Intracranial hypertension, seizures, cerebral venous thrombosis, hearing loss, and gait ataxia.

Other symptoms include diplopia and ophthalmoplegia.

17
Q

What MRI findings are characteristic of hypertrophic pachymeningitis?

A

Thickening of the dura mater, which may be diffuse or focal.

The sinus cavernous and orbital apex are commonly affected.

18
Q

What features should be characterized in MRI for hypertrophic pachymeningitis?

A

1) Location: supratentorial, infratentorial, diffuse, spinal canal.
2) Configuration: linear, nodular.
3) Signal intensity: hyperintense, iso-intense, hypointense.

19
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A

A systemic granulomatous disease characterized by the presence of noncaseating granulomas.

It can affect practically any organ.

20
Q

What is the most frequent site of disease activity in sarcoidosis?

A

The lung, affected in 80–90% of cases.

Symptoms include cough, wheezing, and stridor.

21
Q

What are common neurological manifestations of sarcoidosis?

A

Facial nerve neuropathy, optic neuritis, meningitis, parenchymal lesions, hypophysitis, peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy.

22
Q

What is granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)?

A

An anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis characterized by respiratory tract and kidney involvement.

23
Q

What is the serologic marker for granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

A

PR3-ANCA (c-ANCA).

Some cases exhibit MPO-ANCA (p-ANCA).

24
Q

What are the neurological impairments associated with GPA?

A

Peripheral nerve symptoms, hypertrophic pachymeningitis, central nervous system vasculitis, cranial neuropathy, myelopathy, pituitary involvement.

25
Q

What is IgG4-related disease?

A

A systemic fibroinflammatory disease that can affect any organ, commonly the lacrimal and salivary glands, pancreas, and biliary tree.

26
Q

What are the neurological implications of IgG4-related disease?

A

Meningeal involvement leading to headaches, ophthalmoparesis, proptosis, and ocular pain.

Rarely occurs with systemic disease.

27
Q

What is idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis (IHP)?

A

A condition diagnosed after exclusion of other causes of pachymeningitis and a negative biopsy.

Characterized by headaches, visual symptoms, and ataxia.

28
Q

What inflammatory diseases can trigger hypertrophic pachymeningitis?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, giant-cell arteritis, relapsing polychondritis, Behçet syndrome, and Sjögren syndrome.

29
Q

How can syphilis present in relation to hypertrophic pachymeningitis?

A

As a meningovascular form.

Serologic evaluation is essential to rule out this type.

30
Q

What role does tuberculosis play in hypertrophic pachymeningitis?

A

Associated with leptomeningitis and cognitive behavioral disorders.

Advanced techniques like PCR may guide diagnosis.

31
Q

What neoplastic diseases can cause meningeal involvement similar to hypertrophic pachymeningitis?

A

Lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, gastrointestinal tract tumors, and en plaque meningiomas.

32
Q

What are the two main types of histiocytosis related to hypertrophic pachymeningitis?

A

Langerhans and non-Langerhans histiocytosis.

Both can present with pachymeningeal infiltration.

33
Q

What clinical clues indicate a diagnosis of histiocytosis related to hypertrophic pachymeningitis?

A

Systemic impairment involving bones, skin, pituitary, spleen, and lungs.

34
Q

What are the typical biopsy markers for diagnosing histiocytosis?

A

CD1a, S100, and CD68.

35
Q

Tabela principais causas de paquimeningite hipertrofica e tabela da investigação