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!!!!! BRS YR2 !!!!! > Neuro - Vestibular System > Flashcards

Neuro - Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main inputs for the vestibular system?

A

→ visual
→ proprioceptive
→ vestibular

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2
Q

What are the main outputs of the vestibular system?

A

reflexes to maintain stable posture + gaze

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3
Q

What does the CNS do with the inputed info?

A

CNS integrates info + generates responses

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4
Q

Where is the vestibular organ located?

A

posterior area of the inner ear

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5
Q

Why does the inner ear contain hair cells?

A

for balance + hearing

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6
Q

What are the different parts of the vestibular organ?

A 
→ anterior semi-circular canal
→ lateral semi-circular canal
→ posterior semi-circular canal
→ utricle
→ saccule
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7
Q

What makes up the vestibule?

A

utricle + saccule, joined by a conduit

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8
Q

What is connected to the semi-circular canals?

A

connected to the utricle on one side

Has an ampulla on the other side

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9
Q

What is connected to the saccule?

A

cochlea

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10
Q

What is the labyrinth?

A

superior bony projection on base of skull near inner ear

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11
Q

Why is the location of the vestibular organ important?

A

→ draws planes for anterior + posterior canals

→ planes determine which structure is stimulated for each specific head movement

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12
Q

What are the different types of hair on vestibular hair cells?

A

→ kinocilium (biggest cilium)

→ stereocilia

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the cilia?

A

allows cells to depolarise the cell with movement of the endolymph generated by head movement

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14
Q

What are the otolith organs?

A

→ utricle

→ saccule

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15
Q

Where are the cells of the otolith organs located + arranged?

A

maculae:
→ placed horizontally in utricle
→ placed vertically in saccule

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16
Q

What does the maculae contain?

A

→ hair cells
→ gelatinous matrix
→ otoliths on top (carbonate crystals that help with deflection of hair cells)

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17
Q

What are the otoliths and what is their purpose?

A

carbonate crystals that help with deflection of hair

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18
Q

Where are the hair cells located in the semi-circular canals?

A

crista of the ampulla

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19
Q

What are hair cells aided by in the semi-circular canals?

A

cupula (helps with hair cell movement)

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20
Q

Where do the primary afferent form the vestibular organ end up?

A

vestibular nuclei + cerebellum

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21
Q

Where does the vestibular nuclei project to?

A

→ spinal chord
→ nuclei of the extra-ocular muscles
→ cerebellum
→ centres for cardiovascular + respiratory control

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22
Q

What makes up the vestibular cortex?

A

→ not one specific area

→ many inputs + integrators are involved = many cortical areas participate

23
Q

Where is the main processing centre thought to be for the vestibular cortex?

A

Parieto-Insular vestibular cortex (PIVC)

In the parietal lobe

24
Q

What are the functions of the vestibular system?

A

→ to detect + inform about head movements
→ to keep images fixed in the retina during head movement
→ postural control

25
Q

Why do hair cells have a resting potential?

A

Has a basal discharge

26
Q

How do hair cells generate depolarisation? How does this effect nerve discharge?

A

Hairs move towards kinocilium, generate depolarisation + increase in nerve discharge

27
Q

How do hair cells generate hyperpolarisation? How does this effect nerve discharge?

A

Hairs move away from kinocilium, generate hyperpolarisation + decrease in nerve discharge

28
Q

What is responsible for keeping the head level during linear acceleration + tilt?

A

otolith organs + movement

29
Q

What is the utricle responsible for?

A

horizontal movement

30
Q

What is the saccule responsible for?

A

vertical movement

31
Q

When do the kinocilium bend backwards?

A

→ head tilt backwards

→ acceleration with no head tilt

32
Q

When do the kinocilium bend forwards?

A

→ head tilt forwards

→ decceleration with no head tilt

33
Q

What is responsible for angular acceleration?

A

semi-circular canals

34
Q

How do the semi-circular canals aid with angular acceleration?

A

cupulla moves + displaces hair cells

35
Q

What is the output signal from the vestibular nerve during angular acceleration?

A

velocity

36
Q

How do the SCCs work?

A

in pairs according to planes:
→ both lateral on each side
→ anterior from one side works with posterior from other side + vice versa

37
Q

What are the 2 main vestibular reflexes?

A

→ VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex)

→ VSR (vestibulo spinal reflex)

38
Q

What is the VOR?

A

→ keeps images fixed in the retina
→ connection between vestibular nuclei + oculomotor nuclei
→ eye movement in opposite direction to head movement but keeps the same velocity + amplitude

39
Q

What is the VSR?

A

→ postural control

→ avoidance of falls and compensatory body movement according to the head position

40
Q

What tract do the motor neurones from the vestibular nuclei to the limb muscles take?

A

lateral tract

41
Q

What tract do the motor neurones from the vestibular nuclei to the neck + back muscles take?

A

medial tract

42
Q

How do you assess the vestibular system?

A 
→ anamnesis
→ posture and gait
→ cerebellar function
→ eye movements
→ vestibular tests
→ imaging, CT scan, MRI
→ symptoms + impact assessments
43
Q

What are the various vestibular tests?

A

→ Caloric test
→ Video head impulse test (vHIT)
→ Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP)
→ Rotational test

44
Q

What are the symptoms of balance disorder?

A

→ dizziness

→ vertigo

45
Q

How is balance disorder categorized?

A

→ location of affected structure

→ evolution of signs + symptoms

46
Q

What are the two different types of balance disorders based on location?

A

→ peripheral vestibular disorders (labyrinth and/or vestibular nerve affected)
→ central vestibular disorders (CNS : brainstem/cerebellum affected)

47
Q

What are examples of peripheral vestibular disorders?

A 
→ Vestibular neuritis
→ Benign Paroxysmal 
→ Positional Vertigo (BPPV)
→ Meniere’s disease
→ Unilateral and Bilateral vestibular hypofunction
48
Q

What are examples of central vestibular disorders?

A

→ stroke
→ MS
→ tumours

49
Q

What’s an example of an acute balance disorder?

A

→ Vestibular Neuritis (‘labyrinthitis’)

→ Stroke

50
Q

What’s an example of an intermittent balance disorder?

A

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

51
Q

What’s an example of an recurrent balance disorder?

A

→ Meniere’s Disease

→ Migraine

52
Q

What’s an example of an progressive balance disorder?

A

→ Schwannoma vestibular (VIIIth nerve)

→ Degenerative conditions (MS)

53
Q

What can dizziness also be a symptom of other conditions or disorders?

A 
→ Heart disorders
→ Presyncopal episodes
→ Orthostatic hypotension
→ Anaemia
→ Hypoglycaemia
→ Psychological
→ Gait disorders

!!!!! BRS YR2 !!!!! (72 decks)

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