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!!!!! BRS YR2 !!!!! > Neuro - Cortical Orgnisation + Function > Flashcards

Neuro - Cortical Orgnisation + Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the microscopic organisation of the cerebral cortex?

A

6 layers + many columns

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2
Q

How was the cerebral cortex organised by cytoarchitecture?

A

52 regions

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3
Q

What does frontal lobe do?

A 
→ regulating + initiating motor function
→ language
→ cognitive functions
→ attention
→ memory
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4
Q

What does parietal lobe do?

A

→ sensation, touch, pain
→ sensory aspects of language
→ spatial orientation
→ self - perception

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5
Q

What does occipital lobe do?

A

→ processes visual info

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6
Q

What does Temporal lobe do?

A

→ processes auditory info
→ emotions
→ memories

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7
Q

What makes up the limbic lobe?

A

→ amygdala
→ hippocampus
→ mamillary body
→ cingulate gyrus

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8
Q

What does limbic lobe do?

A

→ learning
→ memory
→ emotion motivation
→ reward

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9
Q

Where does the insular cortex lie?

A

Deep within lateral fissure

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10
Q

What does insular lobe do?

A 
→ visceral sensations, 
→ autonomic control,
→ interoception, 
→ auditory processing, 
→ visual- vestibular integration
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11
Q

What matter makes up the cerebral cortex?

A

Grey + white matter

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12
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Neuronal all bodies + glial cells

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13
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons

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14
Q

What do white matter tracts do?

A

Connect cortical areas

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of fibres that make up white matter tracts?

A

→ association
→ commissural
→ projection

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16
Q

What do association fibres do?

A

connect areas within the same hemisphere

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17
Q

What do commissural fibres do?

A

Connect homologous structure in left + right hemispheres

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18
Q

What do projection fibres do?

A

Connect cortex with lower brain structures (e.g. thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord)

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of association fibres? What’s more common?

A

Short + long

→ short

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20
Q

What does the superior longitudinal fasciculus do?

A

Long, connects frontal and occipital lobes

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21
Q

What does the arcuate fasciculus do?

A

connects frontal and temporal lobes

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22
Q

What does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus do?

A

connects temporal and occipital lobes

23
Q

What does the uncinate fasciculus do?

A

connects anterior frontal and temporal lobes

24
Q

What are 2 examples of Commissural fibres?

A

→ corpus callosum

→ anterior commissure

25
Q

Where do afferent + efferent projection fibres do?

A

→ efferent = away from cortex

→ afferent = towards cortex

26
Q

Where do the projection fibres converge?

A

internal capsule between thalamus + basal ganglia

27
Q

What are 3 main features of primary cortices?

A

→ Function predictable
→ Organised topographically
→ Symmetry between left and right

28
Q

What are 3 main features of secondary / association cortices?

A

→ Function less predictable
→ not organised topographically
→ weak or absent symmetry between left and right

29
Q

What are the 3 main motor areas of the frontal lobe?

Which one is primary and secondary?

A

→ primary
→ supplementary (secondary/association)
→ premotor (secondary/association)

30
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A

→ controls fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements.

→ Provides descending signals to execute movements.

31
Q

What does the supplementary area do?

A

Involved in planning complex movements (e.g. internally cued)

32
Q

What does the premotor area do?

A

involved in planning movements (e.g. externally cued)

33
Q

What are the 2 main sensory cortices of the parietal like? Which one is primary and secondary?

A

→ primary somatosensory

→ somatosensory association

34
Q

What does the primary somatosensory cortex do?

A

processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in the body
(e.g. fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception, pain and temperature)

35
Q

What does the somatosensory association area do?

A

→ Interpret significance of sensory information, e.g. recognizing an object placed in the hand.
→ Awareness of self + awareness of personal space

36
Q

What are the 2 main cortices of the occipital lobe?

What do they do?

A

→ primary visual cortex = processes visual stimuli

→ visual association = gives meaning + interpretation of visual input

37
Q

What are the 2 main cortices of the temporal lobe?

What do they do?

A

→ primary auditory cortex : processes auditory stimuli

→ auditory association : gives meaning + interpretation of auditory input

38
Q

Where is the prefrontal cortex located? What does it do?

A 
Frontal lobe
→ attention
→ adjusting social behaviour
→ planning
→ personality expression
→ decision making
39
Q

Where is the Broca’s area located? What does it do?

A

Frontal lobe, Usually only left hemisphere

→ production of language + speech

40
Q

Where is the wernicke’s area located? What does it do?

A

Temporal lobe

→ understanding language

41
Q

How do frontal lobe lesions present?

A

→ Changes in personality

→ Inappropriate behaviour

42
Q

How do parietal lobe lesions present?

A

→ Contralateral neglect
→ Lack of awareness of self on opposite side to lesion
→ Lack of awareness of opposite side to lesion of extrapersonal space

43
Q

How do temporal lobe lesions present?

A

→ Lateral leads to agnosia, inability to recognise

→ Medial = anterograde amnesia

44
Q

How do Broca’s area lesions present?

A

Expressive aphasia – poor production of speech, comprehension intact

45
Q

How do Wernicke’s area lesions present?

A

Receptive aphasia – poor comprehension of speech, production is fine

46
Q

How do primary visual cortex lesions present?

A

blindness in the corresponding part of the visual field

47
Q

How do visual association lesions present?

A

→ deficits in interpretation of visual information

→ e.g. prosopagnosia: inability to recognise familiar faces or learn new faces (face blindness)

48
Q

How does a PET scan assess cortical function?

A

→ positron emission tomography

→ blood flow directly to a brain region

49
Q

How does a fMRI scan assess cortical function?

A

→ functional MRI

→ looks at amount of blood oxygen in a brain region

50
Q

What is an EEG?

A

electroencephalography

51
Q

What is an MEG?

A

magnetoencephalography

52
Q

How does an EEG assess cortical function?

A

measures electrical signals produced by the brain using event-related or evoked potentials

53
Q

How does an MEG assess cortical function?

A

measures magnetic signals produced by the brain using event-related or evoked potentials

!!!!! BRS YR2 !!!!! (72 decks)

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