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!!!!! BRS YR2 !!!!! > Cardio - ECG > Flashcards

Cardio - ECG Flashcards

1
Q

What abnormalities can ECGs help us find?

A

Conductional abnormalities
Structural abnormalities
Perfusiom abnormalities

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2
Q

Why are the practical advantages to an ECG?

A

Relatively cheap and easy to undertake
Reproducible between people and centres
Quick turnaround on result / report

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3
Q

What are the electrodes?

A

The sticky tabs to put on the person in certain positions

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4
Q

What are the cables/wires?

A

Lead from the electrodes to the actual machine

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5
Q

What are the leads?

A

Measurement of electrical activity

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6
Q

How many leads are involved in an ECG?

A

12 in 12-lead ECG

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7
Q

How many cables are involved in a 12-lead ECG?

A

10

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8
Q

What is a vector?

A

Quantity that has both magnitude and direction

Typically represented by an arrow in the net direction of movement, whose size reflects the magnitude

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9
Q

What does a downward deflection like this represent?

A

Wave of excitation is moving towards the negative electrode

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10
Q

What does a upwards deflection like this mean?

A

Wave of excitation moves towards the positive electrodes

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11
Q

What does a deflection like this denote?

A

Wave of excitation is moving 45 degrees away from the negative electrode in either direction

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12
Q

What does a deflection like this denote?

A

Wave of excitation moves towards the positive electrode 45 degrees in each direction

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13
Q

What does a wave like this denote?

A

Isoelectric line represents no net change in voltage I.e. vectors are perpendicular to the lead

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14
Q

What does a width of a deflection denote?

A

Duration of the event

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15
Q

What does the steepness of the deflection denote?

A

Velocity of action potential

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16
Q

What phase does this electrical signal of the cardiac cycle represent?

A

Atrial systole - stimulates contraction of the atria

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17
Q

What phase does this electrical signal of the cardiac cycle represent?

A

Ventricles systole - Stimulates contraction of the ventricles

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18
Q

What phase does this electrical signal in the cardiac cycle represent?

A

Signifies relaxation of the ventricles

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19
Q

What cardiac vector does the P wave represent?

A

SAN (sinoatrial node)
Autorhythmic my oysters
Atrial depolarisation

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20
Q

What cardiac vector does the P-Q interval represent?

A 
Represents a delay
AVN depolarisation 
Isoelectric ECG
Slow signal transduction
Protective
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21
Q

What cardiac vector does this part of the cardiac cycle represent?

A

Bundle of His
Rapid conduction
Insulated

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22
Q

What cardiac vector does this part of the cardiac cycle represent?

A

Bundle branches

Septal depolarisation

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23
Q

What cardiac vector does this part of the cardiac cycle represent?

A

Purkinje fibres

Ventricular depolarisation

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24
Q

What cardiac vector does this part of the cardiac cycle represent?

A 
Purkinje fibres (2)
Late ventricular depolarisation
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25
Q

What cardiac vector does this part of the cardiac cycle represent?

A

Fully depolarised ventricles

Isoelectric line

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26
Q

What cardiac vector does this part of the ECG represent?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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27
Q

What is the Rule of Ls?

A
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28
Q

Where do you put the electrodes for Lead I?

A

Right Arm (-) to Left Arm (+)

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29
Q

Where do you put the electrodes for Lead II?

A

Right arm (-) to left leg (+)

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30
Q

Where do you put the electrodes for Lead III?

A

Left arm (-) to Left leg (+)

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31
Q

What is the rule of reading for the leads?

A

Polarity for the leads is read left to right and top to bottom, just like English.
First electrode of each bipolar pair is the negative electrode

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32
Q

Where does the aVL lead go to and from?

A

Midpoint of lead II (-) to the left arm (+)

aVL = L = to the left arm

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33
Q

Where does the aVF attach to?

A

Midpoint of Lead I (-) to left leg (+)

aVF = F = to the floor AKA left leg

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34
Q

Where does the aVR attach to?

A

Midpoint of Lead III (-) to Right Arm (+)

aVR = R = to the right arm

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35
Q

Where is V1 placed?

A

Right sternal border in the 4th intercostal space

36
Q

Where is V2 placed?

A

Left sternal border in the 4th intercostal space

37
Q

Where is V3 placed?

A

Halfway between V2 and V4

38
Q

Where is V5 placed?

A

Anterior axillary line at the level V4

39
Q

Where is V4 placed?

A

Mid-clavicular line in the 5th intercostal space

40
Q

Where is V6 placed?

A

Mid-axillary line at the level of V4

41
Q

Which leads give you a lateral view of the heart?

A

Lead I
aVL
V5
V6

42
Q

Which leads give you an inferior view of the heart?

A

Lead II
Lead III
aVF

43
Q

What leads give you a septal view of the heart?

A

V1

V2

44
Q

Which leads give you an anterior view of the heart?

A

V3

V4

45
Q

Which leads represent the LCx (left circumflex artery)?

A

Lead I
aVL
V5
V6

46
Q

Which leads represent the RCA (right coronary artery)?

A

Lead II
Lead III
aVF

47
Q

Which leads represent LAD (left anterior descending artery)?

A

V1
V2
V3
V4

48
Q

Which of the leads are bipolar?

A

Lead I
Lead II
Lead III

49
Q

Which of the leads are unipolar?

A

Everything but Lead I, II, III

50
Q

Which lead doesn’t give you a view of a heart or any of its coronary arteries?

A

aVR

51
Q

Name the different parts of this ECG.

A 
A = P-R interval
B = PR segment
C = QRS complex
D = ST segment
E = ST interval
F = QT interval
52
Q

Calculate the R-R interval.

A

0.6 - 1.2 s (0.52s)

53
Q

Calculate the P-wave duration.

A

80ms

54
Q

What is the P-R interval?

A

120 - 200 ms

55
Q

Calculate the QRS duration.

A

< 120 ms

56
Q

Calculate the QT interval.

A

420 ms

57
Q

Calculate T-wave duration.

A

160 ms

58
Q

Calculate the heart rate.

A

60-100 bpm

59
Q

How do you calculate cardiac or QRS axis?

A

V

60
Q

What is sinus rhythm? What are its features?

A
61
Q

What is sinus arrhythmia?

A
62
Q

What is sinus tachycardia?

A
63
Q

What is sinus bradycardia?

A
64
Q

What can normally cause bradycardia?

A

Medication or vagal stimulation

65
Q

What can normally cause tachycardia?

A

Often a physiological response

66
Q

When can sinus arrhythmia be normal?

A

R-R interval can normally vary with breathing cycle

67
Q

What are the features of atrial fibrillation on an ECG?

A
68
Q

What are the risks of atrial fibrillation?

A

Turbulent flow pattern increases clotting risk

Atria not necessary for cardiac cycle

69
Q

How does the cardiac cycle carry on in atrial fibrillation?

A

Atria are not essential for cardiac cycle

70
Q

What is atrial flutter?

A

Short circuit in the heart causes atria to pump rapidly

71
Q

What are the features of atrial flutter on an ECG?

A
72
Q

What is first degree heart block?

A

Electrical impulses still reach the ventricles but move slowly through the AVN so impulses are delayed

73
Q

What are the features of first degree heart block on an ECG?

A
74
Q

What is second degree heart block (Mobitz I)?

A

heart will skip beats in a regular pattern

Caused by a diseased AVN

75
Q

What are the features of second degree heart block (Mobitz I)?

A
76
Q

What is second degree heart block (Mobitz I) also called?

A

Wencknebach phenomenon

77
Q

What are the features of second degree heart block (Mobitz II) on an ECG?

A
78
Q

What are the consequences of second degree heart block (Mobitz II)?

A

Can rapidly deteriorate into third degree heart block

79
Q

What are the features of third degree heart block?

A
80
Q

What are the features of ventricular tachycardia on an ECG?

A
81
Q

What are the risks of ventricular tachycardia ?

A

High risk of deteriorating into fibrillation (cardiac arrest)
However, is a shockable rhythm

82
Q

What are the features of ventricular fibrillation on an ECG?

A
83
Q

What are the risks of ventricular fibrillation?

A

Heart is unable to generate any output
Is cardiac arrest
However it is a shockable rhythm

84
Q

What are the features of ST elevation on an ECG?

A
85
Q

What causes an ST elevation?

A

Infarction (heart attack)

86
Q

What are the features of ST depression on an ECG?

A
87
Q

What causes ST depression?

A

Myocardial ischaemia

!!!!! BRS YR2 !!!!! (72 decks)

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