Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 5 😊✌🏼 > Neuro histopath > Flashcards

Neuro histopath Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 main stroke syndromes

A

ACA
MCA
PCA
lacunar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the RFs for stroke and which is the main one

A

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (esp. cerebral atherosclerosis is the commonest cause, can also be embolism form intra/extracranial plaques)

smoking
HTN
DM
high cholesterol
excessive alcohol

past TIA
OCP
hyperviscosity e.g. PV or SCD
FH
PVD (?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the similarities and differences between stroke and TIA

A

similar: rapid onset focal neurological sx

differences: stroke >24h, TIA <24h (usually lasting 1-5 minutes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the risk of having a stroke following a TIA?

A

1/3 of people following TIA go on to have a stroke after 5 years if left untreated.

15% of first strokes are preceded by TIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the incidence of strokes in the UK?

A

100 000 new strokes every year in the UK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the incidence of TIA in the UK

A

4/1000 in a year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the commonest territory to be affected by stroke?

A

MCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the immediate management in stroke?

A

if ischaemic:
aspirin +/- dipyridamole (antiplatelet medication)

thrombolytics if <3h from event

+/- carotid endartectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the long term management in stroke/TIA?

A

treat HTN
lower lipids
anticoagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the immediate management in TIA?

A

aspirin +/- dipyridamole

+/- carotid endartectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the investigations for stroke/TIA?

A

stroke: CT/MRI

TIA: carotid USS

both: BP, FBC, ESR, U&E, glucose, lipids, CXR, ECG, carotid doppler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What features are seen in ACA syndrome

A

contralateral leg paresis
contralateral sensory loss in leg
urinary incontinence
cognitive deficits (apathy, confusion, poor judgement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What features are seen in MCA syndrome?

A

proximal occlusion:
- contralateral weakness and sensory loss of face and arm
- contralateral hemisensory loss
- may have contralateral homonymous hemianopia or quadrantanopia
- if dominant (usually left hemisphere): aphasia
- if non-dominant (usually right) hemisphere: neglect
- eye deviation towards the side of the lesion and away from the weak side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the problematic result in cerebral oedema?

A

raised ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is cerebral oedema?

A

excess accumulation of fluid in the brain parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name mechanisms of CNS damage

A

oedema
hydrocephalus
raised ICP
stroke (haemorrhage and infarction)
Traumatic brain injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What causes communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus?

A

non-communicating is due to obstruction of flow of CSF (most commonly the aqueduct is affected)

communicating: problems with reabsorption of CSF into venous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are causes of raised ICP?

A

SOL (tumour, abscess)
oedema

or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is normal ICP

A

7-15 mmHg (in a supine adult)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What conditions does the diagnosis of a stroke include and exclude?

A

Includes:
- cerebral infarcion
- primary intracerebral haemorrhage
- most cases of SAH
- intraventricular haemorrhage

excludes:
- subdural haemorrhage
- epidural haemorrhage
- intracerebral haemorrhage
- infarction caused by infection or a tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an important predictor of a future stroke?

A

TIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Is there permanent injury to the brain following a TIA?

A

no (usually)

unlike in a stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are AVMs? where can they occur?

A

arteriovenous malformations

can occur anywhere in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When and how to AVMs present?

A

present with haemorrhage, seizures, headache and focal neurological deficits

high pressure can cause massive bleeding

present between the 2nd and 5th decade of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mx of AVMs

A

surgery
embolisation
radiosurgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cavernous angioma

A

well defined malformative lesion composed of closely packed vessles with no parenchyma interposed between vascular spaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When do cavernous angiomas become symptomatic?

A

after age 50

28
Q

Mx of cavernous angiomas

A

surgery

29
Q

How do cavernous angiomas present

A

headache
seizures
focal deficits
haemorrhage

you get low pressure recurrent bleeds

30
Q

Rare causes of non-traumatic cranial haemorrhages

A

AVMs
cavernous angiomas
capillary telangiectasias
connective tissue d/o e.g. Ehler Danlos syndrome

31
Q

What is a key difference between AVMs and cavernous angiomas

A

AVM: high pressure - massive bleeds

Cavernous angioma: low pressure - low pressure recurrent bleeds

32
Q

How common are berry aneurysms?

A

1% of gen pop affected

33
Q

presentation of SAH

A

sudden onset severe headache
vomiting
LOC

34
Q

What is the commonest site for a berry aneurysm

A

80% internal carotid artery bifurcation

20% occur within the vertebro-basilar circulation

35
Q

Focal vs global cerebral ischaemia

A

focal: defined vascular territory

global: systemic circulation fails

36
Q

Focal vs global cerebral ischaemia

A

focal: defined vascular territory

global: systemic circulation fails

37
Q

What is the single largest cause of death in people under 45?

A

trauma

38
Q

pervalence of truamatic head injury

A

9 in 100 000

39
Q

What are the types of head trauma

A

non-missile (acceleration/deceleration; rotation)
missile
RTA, falls and assaults
focal or diffuse

40
Q

What is diffuse axonal injury

A

occurs at the moment of injury
shear and tear forces affecting axons
commonest cause of coma (when no bleed)
midline structures are particularily affected e.g. corpus callosum, rostral brainstem and septum pellucidum

41
Q

MCA - full words

A

middle cerebral artery

42
Q

Sx of PCA syndrome

A
  • contalateral hemianopia/quadrantanopia with macular sparing
  • thalamic findings: contralateral sensory loss, amnesia, decreased level of conciousness
  • midbrain findings (CN III and IV palsy/pupillary changes, hemiparesis)
  • if bilateral: cortical blindness and prospagnosia (inability to recognise faces)
43
Q

lacunar infarcts

A

non-cortical infarcts characterised by the absence of cortical signs (no aphasia, hemianopsia, agnosia, apraxia)

most commonly due to chronic HTN-ive vasculopathy

44
Q

What is the main RF for lacunar infarcts

A

HTN

45
Q

skull fractures - types

A

cranial vault fractures

basilar skull fractures

46
Q

Signs seen in skull fractures

A

Liquorrhoea
Battle sign
Raccoon eyes
otorrhoea

signs of TBI
lacerations
haematoma
contusions
palpable deformities
mobile bone fragments

-> risk of infection!!

47
Q

What is battle sign

A

bruising over the mastoid process

48
Q

What are contusions?

A

brain in collision with the skull

49
Q

coup and countercoup meaning

A

coup = where the impact occurs

countercoup = opposite region of the impact

50
Q

straw coloured fluid buzzword

A

indicates leakage of CSF -> skull fracture

51
Q

Which areas of the brain are affected by contusions?

A

lateral surfaces of the hemispheres

inferior surfaces of frontal and temporal lobes

52
Q

What is the commonest cause of intraparenchymal haemorrhage?

A

50% due to HTN

53
Q

What site is most commonly affected by intraparenchymal haemorrhages

A

basal ganglia

54
Q

What is a concussion

A

minor traumatic brain injury

transient LoC and paralysis - recovery within hours or days

typically associated with no changes on standard neuroimaging (CT/MRI)

55
Q

What are the types of brain haemorrhages

A

non-traumatic
- SAH
- intraparenhchymal haemorrhage
- rare (AVMs, capillary telangiectasia, cavernous angiomas, Ehler Danlos syndrome)

traumatic
- subdural haemorrhage
- extradural haemorrhage
- traumatic parenchymal injury (skull #, concussion, contusion, diffuse axonal injury)

56
Q

imaging buzzword for SAH

A

hyperattenuation around circle of willis

57
Q

What conditions are associated with SAH

A

APKD
Ehler danlos
aortic coarctation

58
Q

hyperattenuation around circle of willis - buzzword for..?

A

SAH

59
Q

lemon shape on neuroimaging buzzword for….?

A

Extradural haemorrhage

60
Q

presentation of EDH

A

rapid arterial bleed (most commonly affecting MMA)
lucid interval
then LoC

61
Q

banana shape on neuroimaging buzzwird

A

subdural haemorrhage

62
Q

who is commonly affected by subdural haemorrhages?

A

elderly
alcoholics
poeple on anticoagulation

63
Q

buzzwords for subdural haemorrhage

A

banana shape on neuroimaging
fluctuating consciousness
gradual headache
behavioral change

64
Q

What vessels are damaged in SDH? is it a slow or rapid bleed>

A

damaged bridging veins with slow venous bleed

65
Q

CAUSES OF NON-COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS?

A

meningitis -> meninges can become fibrous and this reduces absorption

66
Q

how does CSF flow from lateral to 3rd ventricle?

A

interventricular foramen

Year 5 😊✌🏼 (53 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions