Mock Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What to measure in Paget’s disease of bone?

A

alkaline phosphatase

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2
Q
A

plain x-ray
?? bsiphosphonate san

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3
Q

what kind of deafness does Pagets disease of bone cause?

A

conduction (paget’s disease of the osscicles) and nerve deafness (compression of 8th nerve)

test with tuning fork

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4
Q

what kind of clinical test should you perform in patients with pagets disease in finals?

A

Weber and Rinne

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5
Q

What blood marker is increased in osteomalacia?

A

alkaline phostphatase

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6
Q

What is osteomalacia

A

lack of vitamin D -> secondary hyperparathyroidism?

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7
Q

what is increased after myocardial infarction?

A

Troponins
CK (MB)
AST
LDH

they will have a low potassium at presentation because the adrenaline causes it to drop

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8
Q

What is raised in a patient with Addisons disease?

A

potassium

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9
Q

What is raised in a patient with jaundice due to gall stone?

A

alkaline phosphatatse

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10
Q

why are the patterns

A

different enzymes in different zones of the portal triad

different released in the different types of damage

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11
Q

liver on histology

A

hexagon
portal vein
portal triad
duct with duct cells

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12
Q

Which LFT is mainly raised in viral hepatitis?

A

alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

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13
Q

which LFT is most increased in a patient with chronic alcoholic cirrhosis?

A

AST =

lots of cells die, nodules, won’t have the nice anatomy

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14
Q

which marker is increased in prostate cancer?

A

acid phosphatase = prostate specific antigen

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15
Q

what is acid phosphatase?

A

prostate specific antigen

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16
Q

what is another name for PSA?

A

acid phosphatase

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17
Q

What is low in primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

vitamin D

because it is consumed, PTH activates vitamin D

alk phos goes up

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18
Q

What is measured when vitamin D levels are measured?

A

xx

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19
Q

What rises most accurately in acute renal failure where the cause is dehydration?

A

Urea

(goes up very quickly in a dehydrated patient)

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20
Q

what rises most in chronic renal failure caused by a fall in GFR?

A

creatinine

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21
Q

What is a good marker of glucose control over the last 3 w?

A

fructosamine

=> useful in patients with a rapidly changing glucose.

HbA1c would be over the last 3 months

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22
Q

PTH in primary hyperparathyroidism

A

normal or high

if a calcium is high the PTH should be V low, if it is not -> primary hyperparaathyroiidisim

23
Q

What is Lesch Nyhan syndoem?

A
24
Q

What occurs in Lesch Nyham syndrome? (rheum)

A

Gout

25
Q

What parathryroid finding occurs in osteomalacia?

A

secondary hyperparathyroidism

26
Q

causes of isolate hypernatraemia in the context of polydipsia and polyuria

A

diabetes insipidus / VP deficiency

27
Q

Leptospirosis presentation

A
28
Q

What is the full name for rodent ulcer

A

basal cell carcinoma

29
Q

thyroid histology

A
30
Q

liver histology

A

central vein
portal triad
many dance cells with visible nuclei

31
Q

histology of kidneys

A

glomeruli
tubules

32
Q

Adrenal histology lecture

A

medulla in the middle

xxx

33
Q

SIADH

A

high urine osmolality

low blood osmolality

xxx

34
Q

psychogenic polydipsia

A
35
Q

sodium in cranial diabetes insipidus?

A

sodium would be high in cranial diabetes insipidus

like 150 and 160

36
Q

Renin in Conn’s

A

suppressed!!!

37
Q

hypertension and hyperkalaemia causes with high aldosterone

A

RAS (normal renin)

Conn’s (renin suppressed)

38
Q

What controls renin?

A
39
Q

causes of RAS

A
  1. paeds ???
  2. high cholesterol ??
40
Q

RAS vs Conn’s

A

renin is suppressed in Conn’s syndrome

good discriminator

41
Q

ACE inhibitors in patients with diabtest

A

initially worsens creatinine

xxx

42
Q

ACE inhibitors in diabetes patients - why?

A

mamicroalbuminuria disappears

b/c the pressure is lower

43
Q

which drugs protect kidneys in diabetes?

A

ACEi
SGLT2 inhibitors

44
Q

Should you stop ACEi when creatinine rises after starting it in diabetes?

A

usually no - in most cases it makes the creatinine rise a bit

in severe cases e.g. if someone comes to the hospital with sepsis you don’t

also don’t give ACEi in RAS

45
Q

what BP med is contraindicated in RAS?

A

ACEi

46
Q

deadly malaria

A

P. falciparum (kills many patients by obstructing blood flow)

47
Q

P. vivax - what additional treatment?

A

primaquine 30mg

because of the parasites in the liver

48
Q

what are thick and thin films for?

A

thick - is there malaria?

thin - what type of malaria is it and what species is it?

49
Q

45yo female with itchy skin, anti-mitochondrial antibodies

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis

50
Q

Kayser Fleischer rings - dx?

A

Wilsons disease

51
Q

20 yo male with jaundice and malaise, high ALT and recent travel to India

A

hepatitis A

52
Q

45 yo male with leucocytosis, high bilirubin, low albumin, folate and b12. prolonged PT. Dx?

A

alcoholic liver disease

53
Q

radiological finding in PSC?

A

beaded appearance on ERCP