ChemPath MedEd Flashcards
Normal Range for Sodium
135-145 mmol/L
What kind of ion is Na+ in the body and how are its levels maintained?
Predominantly an extracellular cation
largely maintained by active pumping from ICF -> ECF
by Na+/K+ ATPase
What % of Na+ in the body is freely exchangeable? What is going on with the rest?
70% freely exchangeable, the rest complexed in bone
mild hyponatraemia sodium levels
130-135 mmol/L
red common in hospital
severe hyponatraemia sodium levels
<125 mmol/L
How do we treat hyponatraemia?
treat the underlying cause unless severe (<125 mmol/L) and symptomatic
Hyponatraemia that is compensated (usually chronic) is rarely an emergency to treat: even with
sodium in the 110-120 range that are asymptomatic, it is more dangerous to correct them too fast
than to leave the patient at that level.
Sx of symptomatic hyponatraemia
- Nausea + vomiting (<134 mmol/L)
- Confusion (<131 mmol/L)
- Seizures, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (<125 mmol/L)
- Coma (<117 mmol/L) and eventual death
Reduced GCS, Seizures -> Seek expert help (Treat with Hypertonic 3% saline)
Is Symptomatic hyponatraemia a medical emergency?
Yes
What is the commonest electrolyte abnormality seen in hospitalised patients?
hyponatraemia
Na <135 mmol/L
What is the underlying pathogenesis of hyponatraeamia?
increased EC water
How does ADH mediated water retention occur?
ADH acts on V2 receptors in the collecting ducts
Insertion of aquaporin-2
channels
-> more water reabsorbed (??)
see if want to add more details here
What are the effects of VP?
Acts on V2 receptors (collecting duct) -> Insertion of aquaporin-2
V1 receptors (on vascular smooth muscle)
- vasoconstriction (higher concentrations)
-> alternative name βvasopressinβ
What controls ADH secretion?
- high osmolality measured by hypothalamic osmoreceptors stimulates release
- low blood volume/pressure detected by baroreceptors in carotids, atria and aorta
What is the effect of increased ADH secretion on serum sodium concentration?
lowers sodium concentration
HypOnatraemia
increased water reabsorption -> decreased sodium concentration
TURP syndrome
- Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) syndrome is fluid overload and iso-osmolar hyponatraemia during TURP from large volumes of irrigation fluid being absorbed through venous sinuses
- Irrigation fluid is required to maintain visibility despite bleeding tissue beds
- TUPR syndrome can also occur in other procedures requiring large volumes of irrigation, such as hysteroscopy
- True TURP syndrome is now rare, particularly as glycine-based irrigation fluids are less commonly used