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1
Q

Adult derivatives of Telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres

Lateral ventricles

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2
Q

Adult derivatives of Diencephalon

A

Thalamus

3rd ventricle

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3
Q

Adult derivatives of Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

Aqueduct

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4
Q

Adult derivatives of the Metencephalon

A

Pons

Cerebellum

Upper part of 4th ventricle

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5
Q

Adult derivatives of Myelencephalon

A

Medulla

Lower part of 4th ventricle

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6
Q

Arnold-Chiari malformation (Chiari 2) is

A

Significant herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis through forament magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus

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7
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue sensation

A

Maxillary (CN 5)

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8
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue taste via

A

Facial (CN 7)

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9
Q

Posterior 1/3 of tongue taste and sensation

A

Glossopharangeal (CN 9)

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10
Q

Motor invervation of tongue via

A

Hypoglossal (CN 12)

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11
Q

Oligodendroglia damaged in (3)

A
  1. MS
  2. PML
  3. Leukodystrophies
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12
Q

Schwann cells damaged in

A

Guillan-Barré

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13
Q

C fibers are

A

Slow, unmyelinated fibers

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14
Q

Aδ fibers are

A

Fast, myelinated fibers

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15
Q

What types of fibers are located in Free nerve endings

A

C

Aδ

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16
Q

What type of fibers located in Meissner corpuscles

A

Large, myelinated fibers that adapt quickly

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17
Q

Meissner corpuscles found in

A

Glabrous (hairless) skin

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18
Q

Meissner corpuscles sense

A

Dynamic, fine/light touch

Position

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19
Q

Pacinian corpuscles found in

A

Deep skin layers

Ligaments

Joints

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20
Q

Pacinian corpuscles sense

A

Vibration

Pressure

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21
Q

Merkel discs found in

A

Basal epidermal layer

Hair follicles

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22
Q

Merkel discs sense

A

Pressure

Deep static touch

Position

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23
Q

What layer of peripheral N must be joined to save limb in reattachment

A

Perineurium

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24
Q

NE synthesis

A

Locus ceruleus in pons

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25
Q

Dopamine synthesis

A

Ventral tegmental and SNc in midbrain

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26
Q

5-HT synthesis

A

Raphe nucleus in Pons, Medulla, and Midbrain

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27
Q

ACh synthesis

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert

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28
Q

GABA synthesis

A

Nucleus accumbens

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29
Q

Leptin inhibits

A

Lateral area of hypothalamus

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30
Q

Circadian rhythm controls nocturnal release of (4)

A
  1. ACTH
  2. Prolactin
  3. Melatonin
  4. NE
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31
Q

Extraocular movement during REM sleep is due to

A

PPRF activity

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32
Q

Limbic system famous 5 F’s

A
  1. Feeding
  2. Fleeing
  3. Fighting
  4. Feeling
  5. Fuckinv
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33
Q

Structures of limbic system (5)

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Amygdala
  3. Fornix
  4. Mammillary body
  5. Cingulate gyrus
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34
Q

Striatum of Basal ganglia inculdes

A

Putamen (motor)

Caudate (cognitive)

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35
Q

Lentiform of Basal ganglia includes

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

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36
Q

Hemiballismus lesion

A

Contralateral subthalamic nucleus

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37
Q

Chorea lesion

A

Basal ganglia

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38
Q

Athetosis lesion

A

Basal ganglia

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39
Q

Treat essential tremors

A

β-blockers

Primidone

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40
Q

Broca area

A

Motor region of speach located in frontal dominant lobe

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41
Q

Wernicke area

A

Associative auditory cortex in temporal dominant lobe

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42
Q

Bilateral lesion of Amygdala leads to

A

Klüver-Bucy syndrome

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43
Q

Bilateral lesion of Amygdala associated with

A

HSV-1

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44
Q

Right parietal-temporal cortex lesions leads to

A

Contralateral spatial neglect (Agnosia)

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45
Q

Left parietal-temporal cortex lesion leads to

A

Gerstmann syndrome:

Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation

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46
Q

Lesion of RAS in midbrain leads to

A

Reduced level of arousal and wakefullness (coma)

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47
Q

Lesion of Cerebellar hemisphere leads to

A

Ipsilateral intention tremor, limb ataxia and loss of balance

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48
Q

Lesion of subthalamic nucleus leads to

A

Contralateral hemiballismus

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49
Q

PPRF lesion leads to

A

Eyes look away from side of lesion

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50
Q

Frontal eye field lesion leads to

A

Eyes look toward lesion

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51
Q

Conduction Aphasia due to damage to

A

Left superior temporal lobe

Left supramarginal gyrus

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52
Q

Secondarly to unmanaged HT leads to

A

Lacunar infact leading to contralateral hemiparesis/hemplegia

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53
Q

Medial medullary syndrome due to infarct of

A

Paramedian branches of ASA and vertebral A

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54
Q

Wallenberge (lateral medullary) syndrome due to incarct of

A

PICA

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55
Q

Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm associated with

A

Chronic HT affects small vessels in basal ganglia and thalamus

56
Q

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus leads to

A

Wet, Wobbly and Wacky

57
Q

Spinal cord extends to

58
Q

Subarachnoid space lower border is

59
Q

Dorsal column senses (4)

A
  1. Pressure
  2. Vibration
  3. Fine touch
  4. Proprioception
60
Q

Spinothalamic tract senses

A

Lateral: Pain and Temperature

Anterior: Crude touch and pressure

61
Q

Werdnig-Hoffman disease is

A

Congenital degeneration of anterior horns of spinal cord destroying LMN leading to Floppy baby

AR

62
Q

ALS due to

A

Defect in superoxide dismutase 1

63
Q

ALS treatment

64
Q

Tabes dorsalis associated with

A

Charcot joints

Shooting pain

Argyll Robertson pupils

65
Q

Poliomyelitis is

A

Causes by poliovirus causing destruction to anterior horn of spinal cord causing LMN death

66
Q

Friedreich ataxia symptoms (7)

A
  1. Staggering gate
  2. Frequent falling
  3. Nystagmus
  4. Dysarthria
  5. Pes cavus
  6. Hammer toes
  7. Hypertorphic cardiomyopathy
67
Q

Reflex song

A

S1, 2: Buckle my shoe (Achille reflex)

L3, 4: Kick the door (Patellar reflex)

C5, 6: Pick up sticks (Bicept reflex)

C7, 9: Lay them strait (Tricept reflex)

68
Q

CN that lie medially at brain stem

A

CN 3

CN 6

CN 12

69
Q

Parinauld syndrome is

A

Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze due to lesion in superior colliculi

70
Q

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most

A
  1. Sesnory: Olfactory (CN1)
  2. Sesnory: Optic (CN2)
  3. Motor: Oculomotor (CN3)
  4. Motor: Trochlear (CN4)
  5. Both: Trigeminal (CN5)
  6. Motor: Abducent (CN6)
  7. Both: Facial (CN7)
  8. Sensory: Vestibulocochlear (CN8)
  9. Both: Glossopharyngeal (CN9)
  10. Both: Vagus (CN10)
  11. Motor: Accessory (CN11)
  12. Motor: Hypoglossal (CN12)
71
Q

Corneal reflex

A

Afferent: CN 5 (nasociliary branch of ophthalmic)

Efferent: CN 7 (temporal branch: orbicularis oculi)

72
Q

Lacrimation reflex

A

Afferent: CN 5

Efferent: CN7

73
Q

Jaw jerk reflex

A

Afferent: CN 5

Efferent: CN 5 (motor-masseter)

74
Q

Pupillary reflex

A

Afferent: CN 2

Efferent: CN 3

75
Q

Gag reflex

A

Afferent: CN 9

Efferent: CN 10

76
Q

Nucleus Solitarius

A

CN: 7, 9, 10

Visceral Sensory information: (taste, baroreceptor, gut distention)

77
Q

Nucleus Ambiguus

A

CN: 9, 10, 11

Motor innervation of pharynx, laynx and upper esophagus

78
Q

What exits out of Superior orbital fissure

A

CN 3, 4, 51, 6, ophthalmic vein, sympathetic fibers

79
Q

What exits out of Forament Rotundum

80
Q

What exits out of Foramen Ovale

81
Q

What exits out of Foramen Spinosum

A

Middle meningeal artery

82
Q

What exits out of Jugular foramen

A

CN 9, 10, 11, Jugular vein

83
Q

CN 5 motor lesion results in

A

Jaw deviated toward side of lesion

84
Q

CN 10 lesion results in

A

Uvula deviated away from side of lesion

85
Q

CN 12 lesion (LMN) leads to

A

Tongue deviates toward side of lesion

86
Q

Abnormal Rinne test:

A

Bone > Air

Conduction hearing loss

87
Q

Weber test localized to affected ear in

A

Conductive hearing loss

88
Q

Rinne test result in sensorineural hearing loss

A

Normal (air > bone)

89
Q

Weber test localizes to unaffected ear in

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

90
Q

Uveitis associated with (5)

A
  1. Sarcoid
  2. RA
  3. Juvenile idiopathis arthritis
  4. TB
  5. HLA-B27 associated conditions
91
Q

Retinitis due to (3)

A
  1. CMV
  2. HSV
  3. HZV
93
Q

1st order Neurons in Miosis of pupil is

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

94
Q

MLF allows crosstalk between

A

CN 6 and CN3

95
Q

Treatment of MS

A

Natalizumab

β-interferon

96
Q

Guillian-Barré presentation

A

Symmetric ascending muscle weakness/paralysis begging in lower extremities

97
Q

Guillian-Barré is

A

Autoimmune destruction of Schwann cells associated with C. jejuni and CMV

98
Q

PML is due to

A

Destruction of Oligodendrocytes associated with JC virus in AIDs

99
Q

Metachromatic leukodystrophy is

A

AR lysosomal storage disease due to Arylsulfatase A deficiency

100
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is

A

Also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN)

AD

101
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth diesease associated with

A

Scoliosis and foot deformities

102
Q

Sturge-Weber syndrome is

A

Activating mutation of GNAQ gene

103
Q

STURGE-Weber syndrome

A
  • Sporadic, port-wine Stain
  • Tram track Ca on opposing gyri
  • Unilateral
  • Retardatio
  • Glaucoma
  • Epilepsy
104
Q

Tuberous sclerosis are HAMARTOMAS

A
  • Hamartoma in CNS and skin
  • Angiofibromas
  • Mitral regurgitation
  • Ash-leaf spots
  • Rhabdomyoma, Cardiac
  • Tuberous sclerosis
  • Autosomal dOminant
  • Mental retardation
  • Angiomyolipoma, Renal
  • Seizure, Shagreen patchs
105
Q

Meningioma arises from

A

Arachnoid cells

106
Q

Hemanvioblastoma associated with

A

von Hippel-Lindau

Secondary polycythemia

107
Q

Rosenthal fibers seen in

A

Astrocytoma

108
Q

Homer-Wright rosettes seen in

A

Medulloblastoma

109
Q

Perivascular rosettes seen in

A

Ependymoma

110
Q

What drugs decrease aqueous humor synthesis used for Glaucoma

A
  1. α-Agonist:
    1. Epinephrine
    2. Brimondine
  2. β-Blockers:
    1. Timolol
    2. Betaxolol
    3. Carteolol
111
Q

Opioid analgesics (8)

A
  1. Morphine
  2. Fentanyl
  3. Codeine
  4. Loperamide
  5. Methadone
  6. Meperidine
  7. Dextromethorphan
  8. Diphenoxylate
112
Q

Butorphanol is

A

μ-opioid receptor partial agonist and κ-opioid receptor agonist

113
Q

Advantages of using Butorphanol for pain

A

Causes less respiratory depression

114
Q

Tramadol is

A

Very weak opioid agonist that also inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake

115
Q

Ethosuximide MOA

A

Blocks thalamic T-type Ca channels used for Abscence seizures

116
Q

Ethosuximide FGHIJ toxicity

A
  • Fatigue
  • GI distress
  • Headache
  • Itching
  • Stevens-Johnson
117
Q

Benzo MOA

A

Increase GABAA action used for Status epilepticus

118
Q

Phenytoin MOA

A

Increase Na channel inactivation used for all seizures other than Absence

119
Q

Phenytoin side effects (11)

A
  1. Nystagmus
  2. Diplopia
  3. Ataxia
  4. Sedation
  5. Gingival hyperplasia
  6. Hirsutism
  7. Peripheral neuropathy
  8. Megaloblastic anemia
  9. Teratogenesis
  10. SLE
  11. Stevens-Johnsons
120
Q

Carbamazepine MOA

A

Increase Na channel inactivation used

121
Q

Carbamazepine toxicity (6)

A
  1. Diplopia
  2. Ataxia
  3. Agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia
  4. Liver toxicity
  5. SIADH
  6. Stevens-Johnson
122
Q

1st line for trigeminal neuralgia

A

Carbamazepine

123
Q

Valproic acid MOA

A

Increase Na channel inactivation

Increase GABA concentration by inhibiting GABA transaminase

124
Q

Valproic acid toxicity (4)

A
  1. GI
  2. Hepatotoxicity
  3. Tremor
  4. Weight gain
125
Q

Gabapentin MOA

A

Inhibits high-voltage-activated Ca channel

GABA analog

126
Q

Topiramate MOA

A

Blocks Na channels

Increase GABA action

127
Q

Lamotrigine MOA

A

Blocks voltage-gated Na channels

128
Q

Tiagabine MOA

A

Increase GABA by inhibiting re-uptake

129
Q

Vigabatrin MOA

A

Increase GABA by inhibiting GABA transaminase

130
Q

Anesthetics with increased solubility in lipids =

A

Increased potency = 1/MAC

131
Q

IV anesthetics (5)

A
  1. Thiopental (barb)
  2. Midazolam (BZ)
  3. Ketamine (PCP analog)
  4. Opioids
  5. Propofol
132
Q

Ketamine MOV

A

Blocks NMDA receptors

133
Q

Memantine is

A

NMDA antagonist used for Alzheimers

134
Q

Tetrabenazine and reserpine are

A

Huntington drugs that inhibit Vesicular Monamine Transporter (VMAT)

135
Q

Haloperidol is

A

Dopamine receptor antagonist used for Huntington

136
Q

-triptans are

A

5-HT1B/1D agonists that inhibit trigeminal N acivation

First Aid (16 decks)

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