Behavior Science Flashcards
Cross-sectional study measures
Disease prevalence
Case-control study measures
Odds Ratio
Cohort study compares
a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without such exposure
Does exposure increase the likelihood of disease
Cohort study measures
Relative risk
Sensitivity (True-positive rate) =
TP/ (TP+FN)
Sensitivity is SN-N-OUT
Highly SeNsitive test when Negative, rules OUT disease
Specificity (True-negative rate) =
TN/ (TN+FP)
Specificity is SP-P-IN
Highly SPecific test, when Positive, rules IN diease
Positive predictive value =
TP/ (TP+FP)
PPV is
Probability that person actually has the disease given a positive test result
Negative predictive value=
TN/ (FN+TN)
Odds ratio is
odds that the group with the dieases was exposed to a risk factor
OR=
ad/bc
RR=
[a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)]
Attributable risk (AR)=
[a/(a+b)] - [c/(c+d)]
Examples of selection bias
Berkson bias
Loss to follow up
Healthy worker and volunteer bias
Berkson bias example
A study looking only at inpatients
Hawthorne effect
Groups who know they are being studied behave differently than they would otherwise
Known as Measurement bias
+/- 1 Standard deviation equals
68%
+/- 2 Standard deviation equals
95%
+/- 3 standard deviation equals
99.7%
Positive skew means
Mean > Median > Mode
Peak shifts to the left
Negative skew means
Mean < Median < Mode
Peak shifts to the right
Type 1 error is
Stating that there is an effect or difference when none exists
Type 2 error is
Stating that there is not an effect or difference when on exists
t-test checks
difference between means of 2 groups
ANOVA checks
difference between means of 3 or more groups
Chi-square checks
difference between 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes
Surrogate decision maker priority
- Spouse
- Adult child
- Parents
- Adult siblings
Motor characteristics of Infant
- Primitive reflexes disappear
- Moro (3 mon)
- Rooting (4 mon)
- Palmar (6 mon)
- Babinski (12 mon)
- Posture
- Crawls (8 mon)
- Stands (10 mon)
- Walks (12-18 mon)
- Picks
- Points
Social characteristics of infant
- Social smile
- Stranger anxiety (6 mon)
- Separation anxiety (9 mon)
Motor characteristics of toddler
- Climbs stairs
- Cubes staged
- Cultured (20 mon)
- Kicks ball (24 mon)
Social characteristics of toddler
- Recreation- parallel play
- Rapprochement
- Realization
Presbycusis is due to
Destruction of hair cells at the cochlear base
