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nervous system test Flashcards

1
Q

what re the 3 overlapping functions of the nervous system

A

sensory input, integration, and motor output

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2
Q

what are the two principal divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system(PNS)

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3
Q

what parts of the body consists of the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord and integration/control centers

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4
Q

what parts of the body consists of the PNS?

A

everything besides the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

what are the PNS divisions?

A
  • Sensory(afferent)
  • somatic sensory fibers
  • visceral sensory fibers
  • Motor(efferent)
  • somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
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6
Q

what is the role of the somatic sensory fibers

A

to convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints TO the PNS

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7
Q

what is the role of the visceral sensory fibers

A

convey impulses from the visceral organs TO the PNS

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8
Q

what is the role of the motor division

A

transmit impulses FROM CNS to effector organs (aka muscles and glands)

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9
Q

what is the role of the somatic nervous system

A

nerve fibers conduct impulses from CNS los skeletal muscle (voluntary nervous system)

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10
Q

what is the role of the autonomic nervous system

A

regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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11
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the autonomic division

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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12
Q

what are the two principal nerve types found in nervous tissue

A

neurons and neuroglia

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13
Q

what are neurons

A

excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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14
Q

what are neuroglia

A

small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons

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15
Q

what are the four main neuroglia that support the CNS

A

astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

true or false: Astrocytes are the least abundant of the glial cells

A

false, they are the most abundant, versatile, and highly branched of the glial cells

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17
Q

where can astrocytes be found

A

clinging to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries

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18
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes

A
  • support and brace neurons
  • play a role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons
  • guide migration of young neurons
  • control chemical environment around neurons
  • respond to nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
  • influence neuronal functioning
  • participate in information processing in brain
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19
Q

microglial cells…

A
  • small, ovoid cells with thorny processes that touch and monitor neurons
  • migrate toward injured neurons
  • can transform to phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris
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20
Q

ependymal cells…

A

-range in shape from squamous to columnar
-may be ciliated(for CSF)
-line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column
form permeable barrier between CSF in cavities and tissue bathing CNS cells

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21
Q

oligodendrocytes…

A

are branched cells whose processes wrap CNS nerve fibers forming insulating myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers

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22
Q

what are the two major neuroglia found in the PNS

A

satellite cells and Schwann cells

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23
Q

what do satellite cells do

A

surround neuron cells bodies in PNS and function similar to the astrocytes of the CNS

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24
Q

Schwann cells are also called

A

neurolemmocytes

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25
Q

what do Schwann cells do

A

-surround peripheral nerve fibers
-form myelin sheathes in thicker nerve fibers
vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

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26
Q

nerve cells are also called

A

neurons

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27
Q

what are the structural units of the nervous system

A

neurons

28
Q

what are neurons

A

large, highly specialized cells that conduct impulses

29
Q

what are the three special characteristics of neurons

A
  • extreme longevity
  • they are amniotic(non dividing)
  • and have a high metabolic rate (require continuous supply of oxygen and glucose
30
Q

all neurons have

A

a cell body and one or more processes

31
Q

the soma is also called the

A

perikaryon

32
Q

neuron cell body contains:

A
  • the soma
  • biosynthetic center of the neuron(synthesizes proteins, membranes, chemicals. rough ER)
  • spherical nucleus with nucleolus
33
Q

most neuron cell bodies are located in the__ but some are in the ___

A

CNS, PNS

34
Q

what are nuclei

A

clusters of neuron cells bodies in the CNS

35
Q

what are ganglia

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

36
Q

CNS contains both __ and __ while the PNS contains chiefly ___

A

neuron cells bodies, process, neuron processes

37
Q

what are tracts

A

bundles of neuron processes in CNS

38
Q

what are nerves

A

bundles of neuron processes in the PNS

39
Q

what are the two types of processes

A

dendrites and axon

40
Q

characteristics and functions of dendrites

A
  • receptive region of neuron

- convey incoming messages toward cell body as graded potentials (short distance signals)

41
Q

each neuron has __ axon that starts at a at cone-shaped area called a ____

A

one, axon hillock

42
Q

long axons are called

A

nerve fibers

43
Q

axons have occasional branches called

A

axon collaterals

44
Q

distal endings of axons are called

A

axon terminals

45
Q

functional characteristics of axons

A
  • conducting region of neuron
  • generates nerve impulses and transmits them along the axolemma to the axon terminal
  • rely on cell bodies to renew proteins and membranes
  • quickly decay if cut or damaged
46
Q

the terminal of an axon is the region that

A

secretes neurotransmitters

47
Q

definition of anterograde

A

away from the cell body

48
Q

definition of retrograde

A

toward the cell body

49
Q

what are some viruses that use retrograde axonal transport

A

polio, rabies, herpes, tetanus

50
Q

functions of myelin

A
  • Protect and electrically insulate axon

- Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

51
Q

definition myelinated fibers

A

segmented sheath surrounding most long or large-diameter axons

52
Q

definition of non-myelinated fibers

A

axons with no sheath

53
Q

myelination in the PNS is formed by

A

Schwann cells

54
Q

myelin sheath gaps are also called

A

nodes of Ranvier

55
Q

myelin sheaths in the CNS are formed by what cells

A

oligodendrocytes

56
Q

white matter:

A
  • Regions of brain and spinal cord with dense collections of myelinated fibers
  • Usually fiber tracts
57
Q

Gray matter:

A

mostly neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers

58
Q

multipolar neurons:

A

three or more processes (1 axon, others dendrites)

–Most common and major neuron type in CNS

59
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A 
two processes (one axon, 1 one dendrite)
–Rare (ex: retina and olfactory mucosa)
60
Q

unipolar Neurons:

A

one T-like process (two axons)
–Peripheral (distal) process: associated with sensory receptor
–Proximal (central) process: enters CNS

61
Q

what are the three types of neurons grouped by direction in which nerve impulses travel relative to CNS

A

sensory, interneuron, motor

62
Q

sensory neurons:

A
  • Transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS
  • Almost all are unipolar
  • Cell bodies are located in ganglia in PNS
63
Q

motor neurons:

A

Carry impulses from CNS to effectors
•Multipolar
•Most cell bodies are located in CNS (except some autonomic neurons)

64
Q

interneurons:

A
  • Also called associationneurons
  • Lie between motor and sensory neurons
  • Shuttle signals through CNS pathways
  • Most are entirely within CNS
  • 99% of body’s neurons are interneurons
65
Q

true or false: neurons can rapidly change their resting membrane potential

A

true

66
Q

true or false: neurons are highly excitable

A

true

67
Q

what are the three properties neurons

A

excitability, conductivity, and secretion

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