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nervous system test Flashcards

1
Q

what re the 3 overlapping functions of the nervous system

A

sensory input, integration, and motor output

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2
Q

what are the two principal divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system(PNS)

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3
Q

what parts of the body consists of the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord and integration/control centers

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4
Q

what parts of the body consists of the PNS?

A

everything besides the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

what are the PNS divisions?

A
  • Sensory(afferent)
  • somatic sensory fibers
  • visceral sensory fibers
  • Motor(efferent)
  • somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
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6
Q

what is the role of the somatic sensory fibers

A

to convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints TO the PNS

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7
Q

what is the role of the visceral sensory fibers

A

convey impulses from the visceral organs TO the PNS

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8
Q

what is the role of the motor division

A

transmit impulses FROM CNS to effector organs (aka muscles and glands)

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9
Q

what is the role of the somatic nervous system

A

nerve fibers conduct impulses from CNS los skeletal muscle (voluntary nervous system)

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10
Q

what is the role of the autonomic nervous system

A

regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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11
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the autonomic division

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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12
Q

what are the two principal nerve types found in nervous tissue

A

neurons and neuroglia

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13
Q

what are neurons

A

excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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14
Q

what are neuroglia

A

small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons

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15
Q

what are the four main neuroglia that support the CNS

A

astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

true or false: Astrocytes are the least abundant of the glial cells

A

false, they are the most abundant, versatile, and highly branched of the glial cells

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17
Q

where can astrocytes be found

A

clinging to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries

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18
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes

A
  • support and brace neurons
  • play a role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons
  • guide migration of young neurons
  • control chemical environment around neurons
  • respond to nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
  • influence neuronal functioning
  • participate in information processing in brain
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19
Q

microglial cells…

A
  • small, ovoid cells with thorny processes that touch and monitor neurons
  • migrate toward injured neurons
  • can transform to phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris
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20
Q

ependymal cells…

A

-range in shape from squamous to columnar
-may be ciliated(for CSF)
-line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column
form permeable barrier between CSF in cavities and tissue bathing CNS cells

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21
Q

oligodendrocytes…

A

are branched cells whose processes wrap CNS nerve fibers forming insulating myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers

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22
Q

what are the two major neuroglia found in the PNS

A

satellite cells and Schwann cells

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23
Q

what do satellite cells do

A

surround neuron cells bodies in PNS and function similar to the astrocytes of the CNS

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24
Q

Schwann cells are also called

A

neurolemmocytes

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25
what do Schwann cells do
-surround peripheral nerve fibers -form myelin sheathes in thicker nerve fibers vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers
26
nerve cells are also called
neurons
27
what are the structural units of the nervous system
neurons
28
what are neurons
large, highly specialized cells that conduct impulses
29
what are the three special characteristics of neurons
- extreme longevity - they are amniotic(non dividing) - and have a high metabolic rate (require continuous supply of oxygen and glucose
30
all neurons have
a cell body and one or more processes
31
the soma is also called the
perikaryon
32
neuron cell body contains:
- the soma - biosynthetic center of the neuron(synthesizes proteins, membranes, chemicals. rough ER) - spherical nucleus with nucleolus
33
most neuron cell bodies are located in the__ but some are in the ___
CNS, PNS
34
what are nuclei
clusters of neuron cells bodies in the CNS
35
what are ganglia
clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
36
CNS contains both __ and __ while the PNS contains chiefly ___
neuron cells bodies, process, neuron processes
37
what are tracts
bundles of neuron processes in CNS
38
what are nerves
bundles of neuron processes in the PNS
39
what are the two types of processes
dendrites and axon
40
characteristics and functions of dendrites
- receptive region of neuron | - convey incoming messages toward cell body as graded potentials (short distance signals)
41
each neuron has __ axon that starts at a at cone-shaped area called a ____
one, axon hillock
42
long axons are called
nerve fibers
43
axons have occasional branches called
axon collaterals
44
distal endings of axons are called
axon terminals
45
functional characteristics of axons
- conducting region of neuron - generates nerve impulses and transmits them along the axolemma to the axon terminal - rely on cell bodies to renew proteins and membranes - quickly decay if cut or damaged
46
the terminal of an axon is the region that
secretes neurotransmitters
47
definition of anterograde
away from the cell body
48
definition of retrograde
toward the cell body
49
what are some viruses that use retrograde axonal transport
polio, rabies, herpes, tetanus
50
functions of myelin
- Protect and electrically insulate axon | - Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission
51
definition myelinated fibers
segmented sheath surrounding most long or large-diameter axons
52
definition of non-myelinated fibers
axons with no sheath
53
myelination in the PNS is formed by
Schwann cells
54
myelin sheath gaps are also called
nodes of Ranvier
55
myelin sheaths in the CNS are formed by what cells
oligodendrocytes
56
white matter:
- Regions of brain and spinal cord with dense collections of myelinated fibers - Usually fiber tracts
57
Gray matter:
mostly neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers
58
multipolar neurons:
three or more processes (1 axon, others dendrites) | –Most common and major neuron type in CNS
59
Bipolar Neurons
``` two processes (one axon, 1 one dendrite) –Rare (ex: retina and olfactory mucosa) ```
60
unipolar Neurons:
one T-like process (two axons) –Peripheral (distal) process: associated with sensory receptor –Proximal (central) process: enters CNS
61
what are the three types of neurons grouped by direction in which nerve impulses travel relative to CNS
sensory, interneuron, motor
62
sensory neurons:
* Transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS * Almost all are unipolar * Cell bodies are located in ganglia in PNS
63
motor neurons:
Carry impulses from CNS to effectors •Multipolar •Most cell bodies are located in CNS (except some autonomic neurons)
64
interneurons:
* Also called associationneurons * Lie between motor and sensory neurons * Shuttle signals through CNS pathways * Most are entirely within CNS * 99% of body’s neurons are interneurons
65
true or false: neurons can rapidly change their resting membrane potential
true
66
true or false: neurons are highly excitable
true
67
what are the three properties neurons
excitability, conductivity, and secretion

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