chapter 8

Question 1

what are joints two fundamental functions

Answer 1

give our skeleton mobility and hold it together

Question 2

joints are classified by __ and __

Answer 2

structure,function

Question 3

what are the three structurally classified joints

Answer 3

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 4

only synovial joints have a

Answer 4

joint cavity

Question 5

what are the three functionally classified joints

Answer 5

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

Question 6

definition of synarthroses joints

Answer 6

immovable joints

Question 7

definition of amphiarthroses joints

Answer 7

slightly movable joints

Question 8

definition of diarthroses joints

Answer 8

freely movable joints

Question 9

in general __ joints are immovable and __ joints are freely movable

Answer 9

fibrous, synovial

Question 10

what are the three types of fibrous joints

Answer 10

sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

Question 11

sutures only occur where

Answer 11

between bones of the skull

Question 12

closed sutures are more precisely called

Answer 12

synostoses

Question 13

in syndesmoses the bones are connected exclusively by __, __, or __ and the amount of movement depends on

Answer 13

ligaments, cords or bands of fibrous tissue; the length of connecting fibers

Question 14

what is the only example of a gomphosis

Answer 14

the articulation of a tooth

Question 15

the fibrous connection in the case of a gomphosis the

Answer 15

short periodontal ligament

Question 16

in cartilaginous joints the articulating bones are connected by

Answer 16

cartilage

Question 17

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 17

synchondroses and symphyses

Question 18

a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones at a

Answer 18

synchondrosis

Question 19

a joint where fibrocartilage unites the bones is a

Answer 19

symphysis

Question 20

definition of synovial joints

Answer 20

a joint in which the bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity

Question 21

all synovial joints are freely movable __

Answer 21

diarthroses

Question 22

what are the 6 distinguishing features of synovial joints

Answer 22

articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and nerves/blood vessels

Question 23

what is the function of articular cartilage

Answer 23

it absorbs the compression placed on the joint

Question 24

the joint cavity is a __ because it is normally almost nonexistent but can expand if fluid accumulates (such as in __)

Answer 24

potential space, inflammation

Question 25

the __ is enclosed by a two layered articular capsule

Answer 25

joint cavity

Question 26

an articular capsule is also known as a

Answer 26

joint capsule

Question 27

an articular capsules out layer is called a __and the inner is ___

Answer 27

fibrous layer, synovial membrane

Question 28

the synovial membrane covers __

Answer 28

all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage

Question 29

fatty pads are also known as

Answer 29

menisci or articular discs

Question 30

what is the function of bursae and tendon sheaths

Answer 30

to reduce friction between adjacent structures during joint activity

Question 31

definition of bursae

Answer 31

bursar are flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film o synovial fluid

Question 32

where do bursae occur

Answer 32

where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

Question 33

definition of a tendon sheath

Answer 33

basically an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction

Question 34

where are tendon sheaths found

Answer 34

common where several tendons are crowded together within narrow canals(in the wrist for example)

Question 35

__ are the weakest part of the skeleton

Answer 35

joints, particularly synovial joints

Question 36

on what three factors do the stability of synovial joints depend upon

Answer 36

the shapes of the articular surfaces, the number and positioning of ligaments, and the muscle tone

Question 37

true or false: stretched ligaments stay stretched

Answer 37

true

Question 38

a ligament can only stretch about __% of its length before it snaps

Answer 38

6

Question 39

a muscles __ is attached to the immovable or less movable bone

Answer 39

origin

Question 40

the __ of a muscle is attached to the more free moving bone

Answer 40

insertion

Question 41

what are the three general types of movements

Answer 41

gliding, angular movements, and rotation

Question 42

definition of gliding

Answer 42

gliding occurs when flat or nearly flat bone surface glides or slips over another

Question 43

definition of angular movements

Answer 43

increase or decrease in the angle of two bones

Question 44

angular movements include

Answer 44

flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, a nd circumduction

Question 45

definition of flexion

Answer 45

flexion is a bending movement usually along the saggital plane the decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together (such as bending head down to chest)

Question 46

definition of extension

Answer 46

extension increases the angle between articulating bones

Question 47

definition of abduction

Answer 47

the movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body

Question 48

definition of adduction

Answer 48

the movement of a limb toward the midline or median plane of the body

Question 49

definition of circumduction

Answer 49

the moving of a limb so it describes a cone in space

Question 50

circumduction consists of

Answer 50

flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction together

Question 51

__ is the turning of a bone along its own axis

Answer 51

rotation

Question 52

the terms __ and __ refer to the movements of the radius around the ulna

Answer 52

supination, pronation

Question 53

definition of dorsiflexion

Answer 53

lifting of the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin

Question 54

definition of plantar flexion

Answer 54

pointing your toes

Question 55

definition of inversion and eversion

Answer 55

inversion is turning the sole of your foot in and eversion is turning it out

Question 56

definition of protraction and retraction

Answer 56

the anterior and posterior nonangular movements

Question 57

elevation and depression definitions

Answer 57

elevation is lifting a body part superiorly and depression is moving the elevated part inferiorly

Question 58

definition of opposition

Answer 58

the movement of touching your thumb to your other fingers on the same hand

Question 59

what are the six major categories synovial joints are classified as

Answer 59

plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket

Question 60

what is the jaw joint called

Answer 60

the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Question 61

the TMJ is a __ joint

Answer 61

modified hinge

Question 62

posteriorly the TMJ forms the __ and anteriorly it forms the __

Answer 62

mandibular fossa, articular tubercle

Question 63

dislocation of the __ occur more readily than any other joint dislocation

Answer 63

TMJ

Question 64

what are the ligaments that reinforce the shoulder joint

Answer 64

the superiorly located coracohumeral ligament, 3 glenohumeral ligaments

Question 65

__ across the shoulder joint contribute mostly to the joints stability

Answer 65

muscle tendons

Question 66

what are the four. muscles of the rotator cuff

Answer 66

subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor

Question 67

the __ ligament encircles the head of the radius

Answer 67

anular

Question 68

what two strong capsular ligaments restrict side to side movements in the elbow

Answer 68

the ulnar collateral ligament and the radial collateral ligament

Question 69

name three ligaments the reinforce the capsule of the hip joint

Answer 69

iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, and the ischiofemoral ligament

Question 70

the __ joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body

Answer 70

knee

Question 71

the knee consists of what three joints in one

Answer 71

the femoropatellar joint, the tibiofemoral joint, and the menisci

Question 72

what is the function of the menisci

Answer 72

to prevent rocking side to side of the femur not he tibia and absorb shock

Question 73

what three brand ligaments run from the patella to the tibia

Answer 73

the patellar ligament, flanked by the medial and lateral patellar retinacula

Question 74

the knees intracapsular ligaments are also called

Answer 74

cruciate ligaments because they cross each other

Question 75

the anterior cruciate ligament attaches to the

Answer 75

anterior intercondylar area of the tibia

Question 76

the posterior cruciate ligament is attached to the

Answer 76

posterior intercondylar are of the tibia

Question 77

what are the 3 Cs of most common knee injuries

Answer 77

Collateral ligaments, cruciate ligaments, and cartilages (menisci)

Question 78

the ACL stands for

Answer 78

Anterior Cruciate ligament

Question 79

definition of a sprain

Answer 79

the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn

Question 80

true or false: partially torn ligaments will not report themselves but slowly because they are not well vascularized

Answer 80

true

Question 81

definition of a dislocation

Answer 81

when bones are forced out of their alignment

Question 82

what does reducing a dislocation mean

Answer 82

putting it back in place

Question 83

definition of subluxation

Answer 83

a partial dislocation of a joint

Question 84

definition of bursitis

Answer 84

inflammation of bursa and is usually caused by a blow or friction

Question 85

definition of tendonitis

Answer 85

inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse

Question 86

true or false: arthritis defines just one kind of inflammatory disease

Answer 86

false, over 100

Question 87

what is the most common chronic arthritis

Answer 87

osteoarthritis

Question 88

in what kind of arthritis are joints afflicted at the same time and bilaterally

Answer 88

rheumadoid arthritis

Question 89

rheumadoid arthritis is a ___ disease

Answer 89

autoimmune

Question 90

definition of pannus

Answer 90

abnormal tissue that clings to the articular cartilages

Question 91

what condition causes bent deformed fingers

Answer 91

ankylosis

Question 92

when __ rise excessively a gout attack occurs

Answer 92

blood levels of uric acid

Question 93

___ is an inflammatory disease that is caused by spirochete

Answer 93

limes disease