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A&P > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what are joints two fundamental functions

A

give our skeleton mobility and hold it together

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2
Q

joints are classified by __ and __

A

structure,function

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3
Q

what are the three structurally classified joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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4
Q

only synovial joints have a

A

joint cavity

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5
Q

what are the three functionally classified joints

A

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

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6
Q

definition of synarthroses joints

A

immovable joints

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7
Q

definition of amphiarthroses joints

A

slightly movable joints

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8
Q

definition of diarthroses joints

A

freely movable joints

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9
Q

in general __ joints are immovable and __ joints are freely movable

A

fibrous, synovial

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10
Q

what are the three types of fibrous joints

A

sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

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11
Q

sutures only occur where

A

between bones of the skull

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12
Q

closed sutures are more precisely called

A

synostoses

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13
Q

in syndesmoses the bones are connected exclusively by __, __, or __ and the amount of movement depends on

A

ligaments, cords or bands of fibrous tissue; the length of connecting fibers

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14
Q

what is the only example of a gomphosis

A

the articulation of a tooth

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15
Q

the fibrous connection in the case of a gomphosis the

A

short periodontal ligament

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16
Q

in cartilaginous joints the articulating bones are connected by

A

cartilage

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17
Q

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses and symphyses

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18
Q

a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones at a

A

synchondrosis

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19
Q

a joint where fibrocartilage unites the bones is a

A

symphysis

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20
Q

definition of synovial joints

A

a joint in which the bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity

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21
Q

all synovial joints are freely movable __

A

diarthroses

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22
Q

what are the 6 distinguishing features of synovial joints

A

articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and nerves/blood vessels

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23
Q

what is the function of articular cartilage

A

it absorbs the compression placed on the joint

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24
Q

the joint cavity is a __ because it is normally almost nonexistent but can expand if fluid accumulates (such as in __)

A

potential space, inflammation

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25
Q

the __ is enclosed by a two layered articular capsule

A

joint cavity

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26
Q

an articular capsule is also known as a

A

joint capsule

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27
Q

an articular capsules out layer is called a __and the inner is ___

A

fibrous layer, synovial membrane

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28
Q

the synovial membrane covers __

A

all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

fatty pads are also known as

A

menisci or articular discs

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30
Q

what is the function of bursae and tendon sheaths

A

to reduce friction between adjacent structures during joint activity

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31
Q

definition of bursae

A

bursar are flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film o synovial fluid

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32
Q

where do bursae occur

A

where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

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33
Q

definition of a tendon sheath

A

basically an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction

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34
Q

where are tendon sheaths found

A

common where several tendons are crowded together within narrow canals(in the wrist for example)

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35
Q

__ are the weakest part of the skeleton

A

joints, particularly synovial joints

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36
Q

on what three factors do the stability of synovial joints depend upon

A

the shapes of the articular surfaces, the number and positioning of ligaments, and the muscle tone

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37
Q

true or false: stretched ligaments stay stretched

A

true

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38
Q

a ligament can only stretch about __% of its length before it snaps

A

6

39
Q

a muscles __ is attached to the immovable or less movable bone

A

origin

40
Q

the __ of a muscle is attached to the more free moving bone

A

insertion

41
Q

what are the three general types of movements

A

gliding, angular movements, and rotation

42
Q

definition of gliding

A

gliding occurs when flat or nearly flat bone surface glides or slips over another

43
Q

definition of angular movements

A

increase or decrease in the angle of two bones

44
Q

angular movements include

A

flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, a nd circumduction

45
Q

definition of flexion

A

flexion is a bending movement usually along the saggital plane the decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together (such as bending head down to chest)

46
Q

definition of extension

A

extension increases the angle between articulating bones

47
Q

definition of abduction

A

the movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body

48
Q

definition of adduction

A

the movement of a limb toward the midline or median plane of the body

49
Q

definition of circumduction

A

the moving of a limb so it describes a cone in space

50
Q

circumduction consists of

A

flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction together

51
Q

__ is the turning of a bone along its own axis

A

rotation

52
Q

the terms __ and __ refer to the movements of the radius around the ulna

A

supination, pronation

53
Q

definition of dorsiflexion

A

lifting of the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin

54
Q

definition of plantar flexion

A

pointing your toes

55
Q

definition of inversion and eversion

A

inversion is turning the sole of your foot in and eversion is turning it out

56
Q

definition of protraction and retraction

A

the anterior and posterior nonangular movements

57
Q

elevation and depression definitions

A

elevation is lifting a body part superiorly and depression is moving the elevated part inferiorly

58
Q

definition of opposition

A

the movement of touching your thumb to your other fingers on the same hand

59
Q

what are the six major categories synovial joints are classified as

A

plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket

60
Q

what is the jaw joint called

A

the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

61
Q

the TMJ is a __ joint

A

modified hinge

62
Q

posteriorly the TMJ forms the __ and anteriorly it forms the __

A

mandibular fossa, articular tubercle

63
Q

dislocation of the __ occur more readily than any other joint dislocation

A

TMJ

64
Q

what are the ligaments that reinforce the shoulder joint

A

the superiorly located coracohumeral ligament, 3 glenohumeral ligaments

65
Q

__ across the shoulder joint contribute mostly to the joints stability

A

muscle tendons

66
Q

what are the four. muscles of the rotator cuff

A

subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor

67
Q

the __ ligament encircles the head of the radius

A

anular

68
Q

what two strong capsular ligaments restrict side to side movements in the elbow

A

the ulnar collateral ligament and the radial collateral ligament

69
Q

name three ligaments the reinforce the capsule of the hip joint

A

iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, and the ischiofemoral ligament

70
Q

the __ joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body

A

knee

71
Q

the knee consists of what three joints in one

A

the femoropatellar joint, the tibiofemoral joint, and the menisci

72
Q

what is the function of the menisci

A

to prevent rocking side to side of the femur not he tibia and absorb shock

73
Q

what three brand ligaments run from the patella to the tibia

A

the patellar ligament, flanked by the medial and lateral patellar retinacula

74
Q

the knees intracapsular ligaments are also called

A

cruciate ligaments because they cross each other

75
Q

the anterior cruciate ligament attaches to the

A

anterior intercondylar area of the tibia

76
Q

the posterior cruciate ligament is attached to the

A

posterior intercondylar are of the tibia

77
Q

what are the 3 Cs of most common knee injuries

A

Collateral ligaments, cruciate ligaments, and cartilages (menisci)

78
Q

the ACL stands for

A

Anterior Cruciate ligament

79
Q

definition of a sprain

A

the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn

80
Q

true or false: partially torn ligaments will not report themselves but slowly because they are not well vascularized

A

true

81
Q

definition of a dislocation

A

when bones are forced out of their alignment

82
Q

what does reducing a dislocation mean

A

putting it back in place

83
Q

definition of subluxation

A

a partial dislocation of a joint

84
Q

definition of bursitis

A

inflammation of bursa and is usually caused by a blow or friction

85
Q

definition of tendonitis

A

inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse

86
Q

true or false: arthritis defines just one kind of inflammatory disease

A

false, over 100

87
Q

what is the most common chronic arthritis

A

osteoarthritis

88
Q

in what kind of arthritis are joints afflicted at the same time and bilaterally

A

rheumadoid arthritis

89
Q

rheumadoid arthritis is a ___ disease

A

autoimmune

90
Q

definition of pannus

A

abnormal tissue that clings to the articular cartilages

91
Q

what condition causes bent deformed fingers

A

ankylosis

92
Q

when __ rise excessively a gout attack occurs

A

blood levels of uric acid

93
Q

___ is an inflammatory disease that is caused by spirochete

A

limes disease

A&P (14 decks)

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