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A&P > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

the skin is composed of what two distinctive layers

A

the epidermis and the dermis

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2
Q

the epidermis is composed of __ cells

A

epithelial

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3
Q

the dermis is composed of __ tissues

A

dense connective

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4
Q

only the ___is vascularized

A

dermis

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5
Q

nutrients reach the dermis by __

A

diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis

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6
Q

the ___ lies just deep to the skin

A

subcutaneous tissue

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7
Q

the subcutaneous tissue is also known as the

A

hypodermis or superficial fascia

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8
Q

true or false: the subcutaneous tissue is part of the skin

A

false

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9
Q

the subcutaneous tissue consists mostly of __ with some __

A

adipose tissue, areolar connective tissue

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10
Q

the epidermis consists of what four cell types

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells, and tactile epithelial cells

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11
Q

the epidermis consists of what five distinct layers (from superficial to deep)

A

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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12
Q

what is the main role of keratinocytes

A

to produce keratin and give the epidermis its protective properties

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13
Q

keratinocytes are tied together by __ for strength and some layers by __ to hinder movement of water between cells

A

desmosomes, tight junctions

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14
Q

keratinocytes arise from the __ layer

A

stratum basale

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15
Q

what is the function of melanocytes

A

the spider shaped epithelial cells synthesize the pigment melanin

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16
Q

where are melanocytes found

A

in the deepest layer of the epidermis

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17
Q

where is melanin made

A

in the membrane bound granules called melanosomes

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18
Q

what is the function of dendritic cells

A

to ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system

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19
Q

where do dendritic cells arise from

A

they arise form the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis

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20
Q

dendritic cells extend among the surrounding___ forming a more or less continuous network

A

keratinocytes

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21
Q

where are tactile epithelial cells found

A

at the epidermal-dermal junction

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22
Q

what is the function of tactile epithelial cells

A

a sensory receptor for touch

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23
Q

the stratum basale is also called the

A

stratum germinativum

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24
Q

the stratum basale consists of

A

a single row of stem cells

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25
Q

stratum spinosum is also known as the

A

prickly layer

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26
Q

in what layer does keratinization occur

A

stratum granulosum

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27
Q

what is keratinization

A

the process by which cells fill with keratin

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28
Q

what two types of granules are found in the stratum granulosum

A

keratohyaline granules, and the lamellar granules

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29
Q

the stratum lucidum is found

A

only in thick skin

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30
Q

the cells of the stratum lucidum are identical to those found in

A

the stratum corneum

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31
Q

the stratum corneum is also called the

A

horny layer

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32
Q

the stratum corneum accounts for up to __ of the epidermal thickness

A

3/4

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33
Q

the dermis is made up of

A

strong flexible connective tissue

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34
Q

the dermis consists of the __ dermis and the __dermis

A

papillary, reticular

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35
Q

the thin, superficial papillary dermis consists of

A

areolar connective tissue

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36
Q

peg like projections from the papillary dermis are called

A

dermal papillae

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37
Q

what are friction ridges

A

ridges formed by the papillae lying atop dermal ridges

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38
Q

the reticular dermis accounts for about __ of the thickness fo the dermis

A

80%

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39
Q

the dermis consists of

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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40
Q

what are cleavage lines

A

less dense regions of collagen fibers running parallel to the skin

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41
Q

what are flexure lines

A

dermal folds that occur at or near joints

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42
Q

melanin is a __ made of an __called __

A

polymer, amino acid, tyrosine

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43
Q

melanin is transported from __ to the __

A

melanocytes, basale keratinocytes

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44
Q

what is carotene and what is its function in the body

A

a yellow to orange pigment, can be converted to vitamin A

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45
Q

the pinkish blue hue of fair skin reflects the crimson color of the oxygenated pigment __

A

hemoglobin

46
Q

what is bilirubin

A

a waste from red cell breakdown

47
Q

what are some examples of skin appendages

A

hard, hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

48
Q

all skin appendages derive from __ and extend into the __

A

epithelial cells of the epidermis, dermis

49
Q

hairs can also be called

A

pili

50
Q

what advantages do hard keratin have over soft keratin

A

it is tougher and more durable, it does not flake off

51
Q

what are the chief regions of the hair

A

the shaft and the root

52
Q

what are the three concentric layers of keratinized cells

A

medulla, cortex, and cuticle

53
Q

what is the only part of the hair that contains soft keratin

A

the medulla

54
Q

what layer surrounds the medulla

A

the cortex

55
Q

the __ is the most keratinized part of the hair

A

cuticle

56
Q

red hair is colored by a pigment called

A

pheomelanin

57
Q

a hair follicle receptor or root hair plexus is

A

a knot of sensory nerve endings surrounding the hair bulb

58
Q

definition of a hair papilla

A

a dermal papilla that protrudes into the hair bulb

59
Q

what are the components of hair follicle from external to internal

A

peripheral connective tissue, glassy membrane, epithelial root sheath

60
Q

true or false: hair grows because cells in the bulb of the follicle divide rapidly

A

true

61
Q

definition of hirsutism

A

when women develop coarse terminal hairs in a. masculine distribution

62
Q

nails contain what type of keratin

A

hard keratin

63
Q

the ___ is responsible for nail growth

A

nail matrix

64
Q

the cuticle is also called the

A

eponychium

65
Q

the thickened region beneath the free edge of the nail is called the

A

hyponychium

66
Q

sweat glands are also called

A

sudoriferous glands

67
Q

what are the two types of sweat glands

A

eccrine and apocrine

68
Q

sweating is regulated by by

A

a branch of the involuntary nervous system

69
Q

eccrine sweat glands are also called

A

merocrine sweat glands

70
Q

true or false: Apocrine sweat glands are more numerous than eccrine sweat glands

A

false

71
Q

where are eccrine sweat glands particularly abundant

A

palms, soles of feet, and forehead

72
Q

eccrine gland secretion (sweat) is 99% ___

A

water

73
Q

sweat is __ with a pH between ___

A

acidic, 4 and 6

74
Q

there are approximately ___ apocrine sweat glands in the body

A

2000

75
Q

apocrine sweat glands are largely confined to the __ and __ regions

A

axillary, anogenital

76
Q

apocrine glands are __ glands

A

merocrine

77
Q

how do apocrine glands release their product

A

by exocytosis

78
Q

two important types of modified apocrine glands are

A

ceruminous glands(ear wax), and mammary glands

79
Q

sebaceous glands are also called

A

oil glands

80
Q

sebaceous glands are

A

simple branched alveolar glands that are found all over the body except in the thick skin of the palms and soles

81
Q

sebaceous glands are __ glands

A

holocrine, because they burst

82
Q

the skin constitutes at least three types of barriers which are

A

chemical, physical, and biological

83
Q

chemical barriers the skin include

A

skin secretions and melanin

84
Q

what are defensins

A

natural antibiotics that punch holes in bacteria

85
Q

what is a physical barrier of the skin

A

its continuity and hardness of its keratinized cells

86
Q

substances that penetrate the skin in limited amounts

A

lipid soluble substances, oleoresins, organic solvents, salts of heavy metals, selected rugs, penetration enhancers

87
Q

what are some biological barriers of the skin

A

dendritic cells of the epidermis and macrophages in the dermis

88
Q

explain dendritic cells

A

they are a part of the immune system and one e they have captured the invader of the skin they leave the skin and migrate to the nearest lymph node

89
Q

how do dermal macrophages work

A

they dispose of viruses and bacteria that manage to penetrate the dermis

90
Q

cutaneous sensory receptors are part of the __ system

A

nervous

91
Q

cutaneous receptors are classified as

A

exteroceptors

92
Q

examples of cutaneous sensory receptors

A

tactile corpuscle, lamellar, hair, and free nerve endings

93
Q

keratinocyte enzymes can

A

disarm many cancer causing chemicals and activate some steroid hormones

94
Q

what are the three major forms of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma

95
Q

basal cell carcinoma is the __ malignant and __ common

A

least, most

96
Q

squamous cell carcinoma is the __ common skin cancer

A

second most

97
Q

squamous cell carcinoma arises from the __ of the __

A

keratinocytes, stratum spinosum

98
Q

true or false: squamous cell carcinoma tends to grow slowly and does not metastasize

A

false. squamous cell carcinoma tends to grow rapidly and will metastasize if not removed

99
Q

melanoma is the __ dangerous skin cancer because

A

most, it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy

100
Q

what doe the ABCD rule for melanoma stand for

A

Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color, Diameter

101
Q

definition of renal failure

A

kidney shutdown

102
Q

in 1st degree burns the __ is damaged

A

epidermis

103
Q

in 2nd degree burns the __ is damaged

A

epidermis and upper region of dermis

104
Q

1st and 2nd degree burns are considered

A

partial thickness burns

105
Q

third degree burns are considered

A

full thickness burns

106
Q

definition of sepsis

A

widespread bacterial infection

107
Q

definition of eschar

A

burned skin

108
Q

definition of debrided

A

removed

109
Q

the epidermis develops from the __

A

embryonic ectoderm

110
Q

the dermis and subcutaneous tissue develop from the

A

mesoderm

A&P (14 decks)

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