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A&P > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

define the immune system

A

not an organ system, but a cell population that inhabits all organs and defends the body from agents of disease

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2
Q

what is the true organ system

A

lymphatic system

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3
Q

what organs consist of the lymphatic system

A

thymus, red bone barrow, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

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4
Q

what are the three main functions of the lymphatic system

A

fluid recovery, immunity, lipid absorption

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5
Q

in fluid recovery fluid continually filters from __ into the __

A

blood capillaries, tissue spaces

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6
Q

during fluid recovery blood capillaries reabsorb __%

A

85

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7
Q

during the function of immunity in the lymphatic system, excess filtered fluid pills up foreign cells and chemicals from the tissues which passes through the

A

lymph nodes

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8
Q

in lipid absorption, __ in the small intestine absorb dietary lipids

A

lacteals

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9
Q

what are the components of the lymphatic system

A

lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic organs

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10
Q

what is lymph

A

the recovered fluid

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11
Q

what is the role of lymphatic vessels

A

transport the lymph

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12
Q

lymphatic tissues are composed of

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

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13
Q

where are defense cells especially concentrated

A

in the lymphatic organs

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14
Q

lymphatic organs are separated from surrounding organs by

A

connective tissue capsules

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15
Q

lymph is clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma, but much less

A

protein

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16
Q

lymph Originates as __ drawn into lymphatic capillaries

A

extracellular fluid

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17
Q

lymph has __when draining from small intestines

A

High lipid content

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18
Q

lymph has __when leaving lymph nodes

A

Large number of lymphocytes

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19
Q

__ merge to form larger lymphatic vessels

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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20
Q

lymphatic vessels are absent from

A

cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow

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21
Q

Capillary wall is __ cells

A

endothelial

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22
Q

lymphatic vessel cells are tethered to surrounding tissue by

A

protein filaments

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23
Q

Endothelium creates valve-like flaps that open when interstitial fluid pressure is __, and close when it is__

A

high, low

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24
Q

what are the three layers of larger lymphatic vessels

A

tunica interna. tunica media, tunica externa

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25
Q

what Is the tunica intern composed of

A

endothelium and valves

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26
Q

what is the tunica media composed of

A

elastic fibers and Smoot muscle

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27
Q

what is the tunica external consist of

A

a thin outer layer

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28
Q

what iOS the flow of lymphatic vessels

A

lymphatic capillaries, collecting vessels, six lymphatic trunks, two collecting ducts

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29
Q

what do the six lymphatic trunk do

A

drain the major portions of the body

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30
Q

what are the six lymphatic trunks

A

Jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intercostal, intestinal (unpaired), and lumbar trunks

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31
Q

what are the two collecting ducts

A

the rich lymphatic and thoracic duct

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32
Q

what is the role of the right lymphatic duct

A

receives lymph from right arm, right side of head and thorax; empties into right subclavian vein

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33
Q

what is the role of the thoracic duct

A

receives lymph from below diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck, and thorax; empties into left subclavian vein

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34
Q

which duct Isi larger and longer

A

thoracic duct

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35
Q

where does the thoracic duct begin

A

as a prominent sac in the abdomen called the cisterns chyli

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36
Q

how is the flow of lymph moved along

A

by rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels

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37
Q

the stretching vessels stimulates

A

contraction

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38
Q

the flow of lymphatic vessels is aided by

A

the skeletal muscle pump

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39
Q

__ significantly increases lymphatic return

A

exercise

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40
Q

Rapidly flowing blood in __, draws lymph into it

A

subclavian veins

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41
Q

what are the six lymphatic cells

A

Natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Macrophages, dendritic cells, reticular cells

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42
Q

what do Natural killer cells do

A

destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or that have turned cancerous

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43
Q

what does the T in T lymphocytes stand for

A

Thymus-dependent

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44
Q

where do T lymphocytes mature

A

in the thymus

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45
Q

what is special about B lymphocytes

A

they are Antigen-presenting cells

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46
Q

what does APC stand for

A

antigen-presenting cells

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47
Q

what happens when B lymphocytes are activated

A

activated causes proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies

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48
Q

where are B lymphocytes mature

A

in the bone marrow

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49
Q

what type of tissue are macrophages

A

connective tissue

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50
Q

from what do macrophages develop from

A

monocytes

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51
Q

what do macrophages phagocytize

A

tissue debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria, and other foreign matter

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52
Q

what are dendritic cells

A

Branched, mobile APCs found in epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs

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53
Q

what do dendritic cells do

A

Engulf foreign matter by receptor-mediated endocytosis and Alert immune system to pathogens that have breached the body surface

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54
Q

what are reticular cells

A

Branched stationary APCs that contribute to the framework (stroma) of a lymphatic organ

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55
Q

what are lymphatic tissues also known as

A

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

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56
Q

what does MALT stand for

A

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

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57
Q

what are lymphatic nodule

A

Dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens

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58
Q

what is a constant feature of the lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendix

A

lymphatic nodules

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59
Q

where are Aggregated lymphoid nodules found

A

dense clusters in the ileum, the distal portion of the small intestine

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60
Q

what are the primary lymphatic organs

A

the thymus and red bone marrow

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61
Q

where are T and B cells able to recognize and respond to antigens

A

primary lymphatic organs

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62
Q

what are the secondary lymphatic organs

A

Lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen

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63
Q

___ cells populate the secondary lymphatic organs

A

immunocompetent

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64
Q

red bone marrow is involved in __ and immunity

A

hemopoiesis

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65
Q

the thymus is a member of what systems

A

endocrine, lymphatic, an dimming systems

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66
Q

what are the functions of the thymus

A

houses developing lymphocytes, secretes hormones regulating their activity, degeneration with age

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67
Q

__ divide the thymus into several lobes

A

trabeculae

68
Q

Epithelial cells seal off cortex from medulla of the thymus forming the

A

blood–thymus barrier

69
Q

the blood–thymus barrier produces

A

Produce signaling molecules thymosin, thymopoietin, thymulin, interleukins, and interferon

70
Q

what are the most numerous lymphatic organs

A

lymph nodes

71
Q

the lymph nodes have what two functions

A

cleanse the lymph and acts s aside of T and B cell activation

72
Q

the __ are where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells

A

germinal centers

73
Q

Lymph leaves the node through one to three __ that leave the hilum

A

efferent lymphatic vessels

74
Q

what are the main lymph nodes locations

A

cervical, axillary, thoracic, abdominal, intestinal and mesenteric, inguinal, and popliteal

75
Q

what is lymphadentitis

A

swollen, painful node responding to foreign antigen

76
Q

what is lymphadenopathy

A

collective term for all lymph node diseases

77
Q

what is metastasis

A

cancerous cells break free from original tumor, travel to other sites in the body, and establish new tumors

78
Q

Treatment of breast cancer is __, along with removal of nearby axillary nodes

A

lumpectomy, mastectomy

79
Q

with are tonsils

A

patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx

80
Q

what are the tonsils function

A

Guard against ingested or inhaled pathogens

81
Q

what are the three main sets of tonsils

A

palatine, lingual, and pharyngeal

82
Q

what is the body’s largest lymphatic organ

A

the spleen

83
Q

what two types of tissue does the spleen exhibit

A

red pulp and white pulp

84
Q

what is red pulp

A

sinuses filled with erythrocytes

85
Q

what is white pulp

A

lymphocytes, macrophages (monocytes) surrounding small branches of splenic artery

86
Q

what are the functions of the spleen

A
  1. Healthy red blood cells (RBCs) come and go
  2. For old, fragile RBCs, spleen is “erythrocyte graveyard”
  3. Blood cell production in fetus (and very anemic adults
  4. White pulp monitors blood for foreign antigens and keeps an army of monocytes for release when needed
  5. Stabilizes blood volume through plasma transfers to lymphatic system
87
Q

what are pathogens

A

agents capable of producing disease

88
Q

what are some living pathogens

A

bacteria and fungi

89
Q

what are some non-living pathogens

A

viruses, poisons, and allergens

90
Q

what are the three lines of defense that compose the immune system

A
  1. skin and mucous membranes
  2. several innate defense mechanisms
  3. adaptive immunity
91
Q

what is innate immunity

A

defenses we are born with; first and second lines

92
Q

is innate immunity local or widespread

A

local

93
Q

is innate immunity have memory

A

no

94
Q

what line of defense is adaptive immunity

A

third

95
Q

what does the adaptive immunity do

A

Adapts the body to the presence of an environmental pathogen so the body becomes less vulnerable to the illness it might cause.; Defeats a pathogen, and leaves the body with a “memory” of it so it can defeat it faster in the future

96
Q

what are some external barriers of innate immunity

A

skin, mucous membranes, and subepithelial areolar tissue

97
Q

what is/does the acid mantel do

A

thin film of lactic and fatty acids from sweat and sebum that inhibits bacterial growth

98
Q

what are the role of peptides and some examples

A

in the skin that kill microbes: dermicidin, defensins, and cathelicidins.

99
Q

what are some mucous membrane examples

A

Lysozymes from mucus, tears, saliva kill microbes

100
Q

what does hyaluronic acid do

A

creates a viscous ground substance that traps microbes

101
Q

what are phagocytes

A

cells that engulf foreign matter

102
Q

what are some examples of leukocytes

A 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes --> Macrophages
Lymphocytes
103
Q

Macrophages and leukocytes have important roles in__ and __ immunity

A

innate, adaptive

104
Q

neutrophils do what

A

Wander in connective tissue killing bacteria

105
Q

how can neutrophils kill bacteria

A

using phagocytosis and digestion, by producing a cloud of bactericidal chemicals

106
Q

where are eosinophils found

A

especially in mucous membranes

107
Q

what do eosinophils do

A
  1. Guard against parasites, allergens, and other pathogens
  2. Kill tapeworms and roundworms by producing superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and toxic proteins
  3. Promote action of basophils and mast cells
  4. Phagocytize antigen–antibody complexes
  5. Limit action of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals
108
Q

what do basophils do

A

Secrete chemicals that aid mobility and action of other leukocytes

109
Q

what chemicals do basophils release

A

leukotrienes, histamines nd heparin

110
Q

what do leukotrienes do

A

activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils

111
Q

what do histamines do

A

vasodilator, Speeds delivery of leukocytes to the area

112
Q

what does heparin do

A

inhibits clot formation

113
Q

what else secretes the same substances as basophils

A

mast cells

114
Q

what are the three basic categories of lymphocytes

A

T,B, and NK cells

115
Q

Circulating blood contains
__% T cells
__% B cells
__% NK cells

A

80, 15, 5

116
Q

NK cells are part of __, all others are part of__; helper T cells function in both

A

innate immunity, adaptive immunity

117
Q

what do monocytes do

A

emigrate from the blood into connective tissues and transform into macrophages

118
Q

what do wandering macrophages do

A

actively seek pathogens

119
Q

what do fixed macrophages do

A

phagocytize only pathogens that come to them

120
Q

where are microglia

A

in central nervous system

121
Q

where are alveolar macrophages

A

in the lungs

122
Q

where are hepatic macrophages

A

in the liver

123
Q

what are antimicrobial proteins

A

Proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and provide short-term, Innate Immunity to pathogenic bacteria and viruses

124
Q

what are the two families of antimicrobial proteins

A

interferons and the complement system

125
Q

Interferons are secreted by __

A

certain cells infected by viruses

126
Q

what do interferons do

A

Alert neighboring cells and protect them from becoming infected

127
Q

what is the complement system

A

A group of 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both innate immunity and adaptive immunity

128
Q

what is the complement system synthesized by

A

the liver

129
Q

what is the complement system activated by

A

the presence of a pathogen

130
Q

what do NKC attack and destroy

A

bacteria, transplanted cells, cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells.

131
Q

what is fever

A

an abnormal elevation of body temperature

132
Q

what are some synonyms for fever

A

pyrexia; febrile

133
Q

what causes fever

A

trauma, infections, drug reactions, brain tumors, and other causes

134
Q

what are some results of fever

A
  1. Promotes interferon activity
  2. Elevates metabolic rate and accelerates tissue repair
  3. Inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses
135
Q

Fever usually triggered by __ such as Glycolipids on bacterial and viral surfaces

A

exogenous pyrogens

136
Q

what are some examples of endogenous pyrogens

A

attacking neutrophils and macrophages

137
Q

what are the stages of fever

A

onset, stadium, defervescence

138
Q

what is inflammation

A

local defensive response to tissue injury, including trauma and infection

139
Q

what are the four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

redness, swelling, heat, and pain

140
Q

what suffix denotes inflammation

A

-itis

141
Q

what are cytokines

A

small proteins that regulate inflammation and immunity

142
Q

cytokines are secreted by

A

leukocytes

143
Q

what alters the physiology of a receiving cell

A

cytokines

144
Q

what do cytokines include

A

interferon, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, chemotactic factors, and others

145
Q

what are the major processes of inflammation

A
  1. mobilization of body defenses
  2. containment and destruction of pathogens
  3. tissue cleanup and repair
146
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

attraction to chemicals such as bradykinin and leukotrienes that guide leukocytes to the injury site

147
Q

what are the four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

heat, redness, swelling and pain

148
Q

heat results from

A

hyperemia

149
Q

rednesses during inflammation is due to

A

hyperemia and extravasated RBCs in the tissue

150
Q

swelling during inflammation is due to

A

increased fluid filtration from the capillaries

151
Q

pain during inflammation is due to

A

from direct injury to the nerves, pressure on the nerves from edema, stimulation of pain receptors by prostaglandins, bacterial toxins, and bradykinin

152
Q

with is the priority of inflammation

A

to prevent pathogens from spreading throughout body.

153
Q

what does fibrinogen do

A

filters into tissue fluid clots, Forms a sticky mesh adjacent to injury that walls off microbes

154
Q

what does heparin do

A

prevents clotting at site of injury

155
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

quickly respond to and kill bacteria by phagocytosis, respiratory burst, and Secrete cytokines for recruitment of macrophages and additional neutrophils

156
Q

Macrophages and T cells secrete__ to stimulate leukopoiesis thereby raising WBC counts in blood

A

colony-stimulating factor

157
Q

what is eosinophilia

A

elevated eosinophil count in allergy or parasitic infection

158
Q

what are monocytes

A

the primary agents of tissue cleanup and repair

159
Q

how soon do monocytes arrive

A

8 to 12 hours and become macrophages

160
Q

what do monocytes do

A

Engulf and destroy bacteria, damaged host cells, and dead and dying neutrophils

161
Q

__ contributes to tissue cleanup

A

edema

162
Q

what is pus

A

yellow accumulation of dead neutrophils, bacteria, cellular debris, and tissue fluid

163
Q

platelet derived growth factor is secreted by

A

blood platelets and endothelial cells in the injured area

164
Q

what does platelet derived growth factor do

A

Stimulates fibroblasts to multiply, Synthesizes collagen

165
Q

what does hyperemia do

A

Delivers oxygen, amino acids, and other necessities for protein synthesis
Increased heat increases metabolic rate, speeds mitosis, and tissue repair

166
Q

what are three characteristics that distinguish adaptive from innate immunity

A
  1. systemic effect (throughout the body)
  2. specificity (immunity directed against a particular pathogen)
  3. memory (when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness)
167
Q

what re the two forms of adaptive immunity

A

cellular and humoral

A&P (14 decks)

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