Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage consists mainly of

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cartilage contains no __ or __ and is surrounded by a layer of __ called the __

A

nerves, blood vessels, dense irregular connective tissue, perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or false: Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant of skeletal cartilages

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hyaline cartilages include what kinds of cartilage

A

articular, costal, respiratory, nasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where is elastic cartilages found

A

external ear and epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the seven important functions our bones serve

A

support, protection, anchorage, mineral storage, blood cell formation, fat storage, hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the main minerals bone harbors

A

calcium and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the name of the process of blood cell formation

A

hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where does most blood cell formation occur

A

in red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fat is stored as __ in the cavities of long bones

A

yellow marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

osteocalcin is a hormone that helps to regulate __

A

insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, and energy expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many named bones are there in the body

A

206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the 206 named bones in the body re divided into two groups which are:

A

axial and appendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the axial skeleton includes bones

A

of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the

A

upper and lower limbs and girdles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

longs bones category consists of

A

all limb bones except the patella and wrist and ankle bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

short bones are roughly __ shaped

A

cube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sesamoid bones

A

are a special type of short bone that form in a tendon (such as the patella)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

flat bones are

A

thin, flattened, and a bit curved (cranial, ribs, sternum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

irregular bones

A

have complicated shapes that fit none of the other classes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bones are __ because they contain different types of __

A

organs, tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the external layer of bones is __ bone, the inner is __ bone which is also called __bone

A

compact, spongy, trabecular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the honeycomb like structures of spongy bone are called

A

trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

short, irregular, and flat bones all consist of

A

thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone which is covered inside and outside by connective tissue membranes (periosteum, endosteum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the shaft of a long bone is called the

A

tubular diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the marrow cavity is called the

A

medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the __ are the bone ends

A

epiphyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

between each diaphysis and epiphysis of an adult long bone is a __ a remnant of the

A

epiphyseal line, epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate composed of

A

hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the flared part of the physics meets the diaphysis

A

metaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the __ is a membrane that covers the outside of the bone except for __

A

periosteum, joint surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the periosteum contains both __ and __ cells

A

bone destroying, bone-forming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

definition of perforating fibers

A

bundles of collagen fibers that extend into the bone matrix and secure the periosteum to the underlying bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the __ membrane covers the internal bone surfaces

A

endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

true or false: bones are not well vascularized

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the nutrient foramen

A

a hole in the wall of the diaphysis where the nutrient artery eases through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is blood forming tissue called

A

hematopoietic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is another name for hematopoietic tissue

A

red marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

true or false: much of the red marrow in adults is replaced by yellow marrow

A

true

40
Q

where is red marrow found in adults

A

in the cavities between trabecular of spongy bones in the most flat bones, the heads of the femur and humerus

41
Q

true or false: yellow marrow in the medullary cavity can revert back to red marrow if a person becomes very anemic

A

true

42
Q

what are the five major cells types in bone tissue

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, and osteoclasts

43
Q

osteoprogenitor cells are also called

A

osteogenic cells

44
Q

where are osteoprogenitor cells found

A

in the periosteum and endosteum

45
Q

definition and function of osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix

46
Q

when actively depositing matrix, osteoblasts are __ shaped. when inactive they are

A

cube shaped, flattened

47
Q

what is the function of bone lining cells

A

they help maintain the matrix

48
Q

definition of osteoclasts

A

giant multinucleate cells located at site of bone resorption

49
Q

distinct characteristic of osteoclasts

A

they have a ruffled border that directly contacts the bone

50
Q

the structural unit of a compact bone is called the

A

osteon

51
Q

functionally, osteons are __

A

weight bearing pillars

52
Q

definition of osteon

A

a group of hollow tubes of bone matrix, like tree trunk rings

53
Q

each matrix tube is called a

A

lamella

54
Q

compact bone is often called

A

lamellar bone

55
Q

running through the core of each osteon is the

A

central canal

56
Q

the central canal is also called the

A

Haversian canal

57
Q

the central canal contains

A

small blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the osteons cells

58
Q

__ canals lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect __ and __ of the medullary cavity to the central canals

A

perforating, blood vessels, nerve supply

59
Q

osteocytes occupy __

A

lacunae

60
Q

hair like cells called__ radiate from the lacunae

A

canaliculi

61
Q

lying between intact osteons are incomplete lamellae called

A

interstitial lamellae

62
Q

___ extend around the entire circumference of the diaphysis and effectively resist twisting of the bone

A

circumferential lamellae

63
Q

what are the soft organic components of bone and what are their functions

A

osteoid and bone cells, allow bones to resist tension

64
Q

what are the hard inorganic components of bone and what are their functions

A

mineral salts, allow bone to resist compression

65
Q

__ makes up about one third of the matrix and includes

A

osteoid, ground substance and collagen

66
Q

osteoblasts secrete

A

ground substance and collagen

67
Q

bones resilience comes from ___

A

sacrificial bonds between collagen molecules

68
Q

___ and ___are both names for the process of bone tissue formation

A

ossification and osteogenesis

69
Q

in which process does a bone develop by replacing hyaline cartilage

A

endochondral ossification

70
Q

what is bone called after being developed by endochondral ossification

A

endochondral bone

71
Q

in what process does bone develop from a. fibrous membrane

A

intramembranous ossification

72
Q

what is bone called after being developed by intramembranous ossification

A

membranous bone

73
Q

except for ___essentially all bones below the base of the skull form by __

A

the clavicle, endochondral ossicfication

74
Q

what is the first step to endochondral ossification

A

a bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model

75
Q

what is the primary ossification center

A

the bone collar

76
Q

what is the second step to endochondral ossification

A

cartilage calcifies in the center of the diaphysis and then develops cavities

77
Q

what is the third step to endochondral ossification

A

the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms

78
Q

what is the fourth step to endochondral ossification

A

the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms

79
Q

what is the fifth and final step of endochondral ossification

A

the epiphyses ossify

80
Q

intramembranous ossification form the __and the __

A

cranial bones, clavicle

81
Q

bone remodeling involves both __ and __

A

new bone formation and bone resorption

82
Q

together bone resorption and deposit constitute

A

bone remodeling

83
Q

giant osteoclasts accomplish

A

bone resorption

84
Q

what are the two control loops that regulate the continuing remodeling of bones

A

maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis and keeping bon strong

85
Q

maintaining ___ levels is critical for maintaining the ___ of all cells

A

extracellular fluid calcium, resting membrane potential

86
Q

the hormonal controls primarily involve

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

87
Q

what is wolffs law

A

such that a bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it

88
Q

hormonal controls determine __ and __ remodeling occurs

A

whether, when

89
Q

mechanical stress determines __ remodeling occurs

A

where

90
Q

fractures are classified by

A

position of the bone ends after the fracture, completeness of the break, whether the bone ends penetrate the skin

91
Q

fracture treatment begins with __, which is

A

reduction, the realignment of the broken bone ends

92
Q

what are the 4 steps to a healing fracture

A
  1. hematoma forms
  2. fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms
  3. bony callus forms
  4. bone remodeling occurs
93
Q

__ includes a number of disorders in which the bones are poorly mineralized

A

osteomalacia

94
Q

__ is the analogous disease in children to osteomalacia

A

rickets

95
Q

__ refers to a group of diseases in which bone resorption outplaces bone deposit. causing bones to become porous

A

osteporosis

96
Q

what are the seven factors that can contribute to osteoporosis

A

decreased sex hormones, insufficient bone stress, a diet poor in calcium/vitamin D/protein, smoking, genetics, hormone-related conditions, and consumption of alcohol or certain medications

97
Q

__ is a disease characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption, an abnormally high ration of spongy bone to compact bone

A

paget’s disease

A&P (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions