A&P2 Chapter 17 Flashcards
1
Q
define the endocrine system
A
the glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones
2
Q
define endocrinology
A
the study of this system and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders
3
Q
define hormones
A
a chemical messenger that is transported by the bloodstream and triggers a physiological response in distant cells of another tissue or organ with receptors for it.
4
Q
define endocrine
A
secretions by way of ducts onto an epithelial surface and has extracellular effects(digestion of food)
5
Q
what are some similarities between the nervous system and the endocrine system
A
- they communicate chemically such as NE, Dopamine, ADH are NT and hormones
- They both can produce identical effects like how both NE and Glucagon stimulate glycogenolysis
- They regulate each other how neurons can trigger hormone secretion; hormones can stimulate or inhibit neurons
- they both use target organs or target cells for activation.
6
Q
The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is connected to the hypothalamus by the __ and is housed in the __ of the sphenoid bone.
A
infundibulum, sella turcica
7
Q
The anterior pituitary gland, aka the adenohypophysis, is the __
A
hypophyseal portal system.
8
Q
The posterior pituitary gland aka the neurohypophysis is the__
A
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.
9
Q
The hypothalamic hormones produce __hormones
A
8
10
Q
there are __ releasing/inhibiting hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary.
A
6
11
Q
there are __releasing hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary which are
A
4, TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH
12
Q
there are __inhibiting hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary which are
A
2, PIH, Somatostatin
13
Q
what 2 random hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary
A
OT, ADH
14
Q
True or False pituitary hormones are secreted at a constant rate
A
false
15
Q
__ is secreted at night,___peaks in the middle of menstrual cycle, stress triggers __, and __ right after a baby is born.
A
GH, LH, ACTH/PRL
16
Q
Pituitary secretion is regulated by the __, other brain centers, and target organs
A
hypothalamus
17
Q
The posterior pituitary is controlled by __
A
neuroendocrine reflexes
18
Q
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus trigger__ release during dehydration
A
ADH
19
Q
Suckling causes release of__
A
OT
20
Q
The pineal gland is pine cone shaped and located at the roof of the __, beneath the __
A
third ventricle, posterior corpus callosum.
21
Q
what hormone is released from the pineal and the target organ is the brain while the function is establishing circadian rhythm and may influence mood and sexual maturation.
A
melatonin
22
Q
what hormones are released by the thymus
A
thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin, the target: T lymphocytes, and the function is T cells development and activity.
23
Q
what hormones are released by the thyroid gland
A
TH and Calcitonin
24
Q
what are some functions of the hormones released by the thyroid gland
A
increase in metabolic rate; stimulates bone deposition(decreases blood calcium)
25
Follicular cells secrete __ and parafollicular cells secrete __ in response to high blood calcium.
TH, calcitonin
26
what hormone is released form the parathyroid gland and what is the function
PTH and raises blood calcium levels
27
what are the target organs of the pineal gland hormones
the brain
28
what are the target organs of the thymus hormones
T lymphocytes, and the function is T cells development and activity.
29
what are the target organs of the thyroid gland
most tissues and bones
30
what are the target organs of the parathyroid glands hormones
bones, kidneys, and small intestines
31
define paracrine
a chemical messenger whose physiological effects are restricted to nearby cells in the same tissue
32
what hormones are in the medulla
E, NE,a dn Dopamine
33
what are the target organs of the medulla
most tissues
34
what are the functions of the medulla of the adrenal gland
increases metabolic rate and promotes alertness
35
the cortex of the adrenal gland releases what hormones
aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens
36
what are the target organs of the cortex of the adrenal gland
kidney and most tissues
37
what are the functions of the cortex of the adrenal gland
Na+ and water retention and K+ excretion, fat and protein catabolism, stress resistance, tissue repair, stimulates pubic hair, apocrine glands, libido
38
what hormones are released by the pancreas
glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin
39
glucagon is secreted by the __ cells
alpha
40
what is the target organ of glucagon
primarily the liver
41
what are the functions of glucagon
stimulates amino acid absorption, glycogenesis, glycogen and fat breakdown to raise blood glucose and fatty acid levels
42
insulin is secreted by the __ cells
beta
43
what are the target organs of insulin
most tissues
44
what are the functions of insulin
stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake; lowers blood glucose level. promotes glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis
45
somatostatin(GHIH) is secreted by __ cells
delta
46
what are the target organs of somatostatin
stomach, intestines, and pancreatic islet cells
47
what are the functions of somatostatin
modulates digestion, nutrient absorption, a nd glucagon and insulin secretion
48
what released from the gonads is considered exocrine
whole cells such as eggs and sperm
49
what released from the gonads is considered endocrine
hormones released by the cells
50
what hormones are released by the hormones
estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin
51
estradiol is converted by the __ cells
granulosa
52
what are the target organs of estradiol
many tissues
53
what are the functions of estradiol
stimulates female reproductive development, regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy, and prepares the mammary glands for lactation
54
progesterone is secreted by __
the corpus luteum
55
what are the target organs of progesterone
uterus and mammary glands
56
what are the functions of progesterone
regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy, prepares mammary glands for lactation
57
inhibin in women is secreted by
follicle and corpus luteum
58
what are the target organs of inhibin
anterior pituitary
59
what are the functions of inhibin
inhibits FSH secretion
60
what hormones are released by the testes
testosterone and inhibin
61
testosterone is secreted by
interstitial endocrine cells between tubules
62
what are the target organs of testosterone
many tissues
63
what are the functions of testosterone
Stimulates fetal and adolescent reproductive development, musculoskeletal growth, sperm production, and libido
64
inhibin in men is secreted by
nurse cells from walls of seminiferous tubules
65
true or false: cholesterol is a lipid and hydrophobic
false, it is a lipid and hydrophilic
66
steroids are synthesized from
cholesterol
67
steroids have a __ ring backbone
four
68
how are peptides synthesized
the same way as any other protein.
69
melatonin is synthesized from
tryptophan
70
all monoamines are synthesized from __ except for _-
tyrosine, melatonin
71
thyroid hormone is made of __and uses iodine
tyrosines
72
lack of dietary iodine causes
a goiter
73
the head of a fetus pushes on a uterus which causes __ and causes more contractions
neural stimulation
74
hormones are transported through
blood
75
are monoamines and peptides hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophilic
76
what kinds of hormones are unbound
monoamines and peptides
77
what kinds of hormones are broken down or removed in minutes
monoamines and peptides
78
are steroids and thyroid hormone hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophobic
79
what kinds of hormones are bound hormones and what does this mean
steroids and thyroid hormone; it means that it must bind to a hydrophilic transport protein such as globulins and albumns
80
what kinds of hormones may circulate for hours to weeks
steroids and thyroid hormone
81
hormones have to be __ in order to react
unbound
82
Receptors are __ or __ on the plasma membrane.
proteins, glycoproteins
83
Receptors exhibit __and __
saturation, specificity
84
define specificity
a receptor only binds to the hormone it wants to
85
define saturation
when all receptors have a hormone bound to them there wont be more a dramatic reaction jus because there’s more hormones there.
86
Peptides bind to hormones receptors in the
plasma membrane
87
how must peptides and catecholamines enter a target cell
using a second messenger system
88
what is the best known second- messenger system
cAMP
89
what is a single amplification or cascade effect
one hormone triggers the synthesis of an enormous number enzymes and products
90
are hormones abundant in single amplification/the cascade effect?
no, minute
91
what is an example of up-regulation
In a late pregnancy the uterus produces oxytocin receptor for childbirth
92
what is an example of down-regulation
Adipocytes are exposed to high concentrations of insulin and reduce receptors
93
what are permissive effects
one hormone enhances response to a second
94
what is half-life
the length of time required to clear 50% of the hormone from the blood.
95
define stress
Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one’s physical or emotional well being or any situation that raises cortisol levels
96
stress is mediated by the __ and __ nervous systems
endocrine, sympathetic
97
what are some physical stressors
Injury, surgery, hemorrhage, infection, intense exercise, temperature extremes, pain, and malnutrition
98
what are some emotional stressors
Anger, grief, depression, anxiety, and guilt
99
what are the steps to part one of general adaptation syndrome
1. Alarm reaction
Initial reaction to stress
Regulated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Hypothalamus --> Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine to prepare body for fight or flight (sympathetic response)
Pupils and bronchioles dilate
Respiration and sweating increase
Blood glucose and lipid levels increase
Angiotensin and aldosterone levels rise to increase blood pressure and promote sodium and water conservation
100
what are the steps to part two of general adaptation syndrome
2. Stage of resistance
Occurs after a few hours as glycogen reserves are depleted
This stage is regulated by the endocrine system
Dominated by cortisol
Hypothalamus secretes CRH
Pituitary secretes ACTH
Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol
Cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis (fat and protein for glucose)
101
what are the steps to part three of general adaptation syndrome
3. Stage of exhaustion
Occurs after weeks or months
Fat reserves carry body through stress
Once depleted there is rapid decline and death
Protein is broken down wasting away muscle
Cortex stops producing glucocorticoids
Aldosterone retains high water and sodium, depleting potassium
Hypokalemia (low K) and alkalosis (high blood pH) results in nervous and muscular dysfunction.
Death from heart or kidney failure or overwhelming infection.
102
what do paracrine messengers do
signal diffuses only to nearby cells in the same tissue
103
what is an example of a paracrine messenger
mast cells in connective tissue secrete histamine which causes vasodilation in nearby smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel
104
what do autocrine messengers do
signal stimulates the same cell that secretes it
105
what is an example of an autocrine messenger
Hepcidin secreted by liver work on liver to regulate release of stored iron into blood
106
eicosanoids are
paracrine secretions with a 20 carbon backbone
107
what are eicosanoids derived from
arachidonic acid
108
what are the four classes of eicosanoids
Leukotrienes, Prostacyclin, Thromboxanes, and Prostaglandins
109
where do Leukotrienes come from and what is their function
1. Secreted by basophils, mast cells, damaged tissue
| 2. Vasodilation & neutrophil chemotaxis
110
where do Prostacyclin come from and what is there function
1. Produced by blood vessel walls
| 2. Inhibit blood clotting & vasoconstriction
111
where do Thromboxanes come from and what is there function
1. Produced by platelets
| 2. Stimulate vasoconstriction and clotting
112
what are the most diverse eicosanoids
Prostaglandins
113
SAID =
hydrocortisone
114
hyposecretion means
inadequate hormone release
115
hyper secretion means
excessive hormone release
116
both hyper and hypo secretion can be caused by
tumors or autoimmune disease
117
true or false: Hypersecretion can be mimicked by long-term clinical hormone use
true
118
what s the world’s most prevelant metabolic disease
diabetes mellitis
119
define diabetes mellitus
disruption of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from the hyposecretion or inaction of insulin.
120
what are classic signs of diabetes mellitus
```
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Hyperglycemia
Glycosuria
Ketonuria
```
