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A&P > A&P2 Chapter 17 > Flashcards

A&P2 Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

define the endocrine system

A

the glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

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2
Q

define endocrinology

A

the study of this system and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders

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3
Q

define hormones

A

a chemical messenger that is transported by the bloodstream and triggers a physiological response in distant cells of another tissue or organ with receptors for it.

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4
Q

define endocrine

A

secretions by way of ducts onto an epithelial surface and has extracellular effects(digestion of food)

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5
Q

what are some similarities between the nervous system and the endocrine system

A
  1. they communicate chemically such as NE, Dopamine, ADH are NT and hormones
  2. They both can produce identical effects like how both NE and Glucagon stimulate glycogenolysis
  3. They regulate each other how neurons can trigger hormone secretion; hormones can stimulate or inhibit neurons
  4. they both use target organs or target cells for activation.
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6
Q

The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is connected to the hypothalamus by the __ and is housed in the __ of the sphenoid bone.

A

infundibulum, sella turcica

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7
Q

The anterior pituitary gland, aka the adenohypophysis, is the __

A

hypophyseal portal system.

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8
Q

The posterior pituitary gland aka the neurohypophysis is the__

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.

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9
Q

The hypothalamic hormones produce __hormones

A

8

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10
Q

there are __ releasing/inhibiting hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary.

A

6

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11
Q

there are __releasing hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary which are

A

4, TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH

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12
Q

there are __inhibiting hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary which are

A

2, PIH, Somatostatin

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13
Q

what 2 random hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary

A

OT, ADH

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14
Q

True or False pituitary hormones are secreted at a constant rate

A

false

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15
Q

__ is secreted at night,___peaks in the middle of menstrual cycle, stress triggers __, and __ right after a baby is born.

A

GH, LH, ACTH/PRL

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16
Q

Pituitary secretion is regulated by the __, other brain centers, and target organs

A

hypothalamus

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17
Q

The posterior pituitary is controlled by __

A

neuroendocrine reflexes

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18
Q

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus trigger__ release during dehydration

A

ADH

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19
Q

Suckling causes release of__

A

OT

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20
Q

The pineal gland is pine cone shaped and located at the roof of the __, beneath the __

A

third ventricle, posterior corpus callosum.

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21
Q

what hormone is released from the pineal and the target organ is the brain while the function is establishing circadian rhythm and may influence mood and sexual maturation.

A

melatonin

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22
Q

what hormones are released by the thymus

A

thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin, the target: T lymphocytes, and the function is T cells development and activity.

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23
Q

what hormones are released by the thyroid gland

A

TH and Calcitonin

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24
Q

what are some functions of the hormones released by the thyroid gland

A

increase in metabolic rate; stimulates bone deposition(decreases blood calcium)

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25
Q

Follicular cells secrete __ and parafollicular cells secrete __ in response to high blood calcium.

A

TH, calcitonin

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26
Q

what hormone is released form the parathyroid gland and what is the function

A

PTH and raises blood calcium levels

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27
Q

what are the target organs of the pineal gland hormones

A

the brain

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28
Q

what are the target organs of the thymus hormones

A

T lymphocytes, and the function is T cells development and activity.

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29
Q

what are the target organs of the thyroid gland

A

most tissues and bones

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30
Q

what are the target organs of the parathyroid glands hormones

A

bones, kidneys, and small intestines

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31
Q

define paracrine

A

a chemical messenger whose physiological effects are restricted to nearby cells in the same tissue

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32
Q

what hormones are in the medulla

A

E, NE,a dn Dopamine

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33
Q

what are the target organs of the medulla

A

most tissues

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34
Q

what are the functions of the medulla of the adrenal gland

A

increases metabolic rate and promotes alertness

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35
Q

the cortex of the adrenal gland releases what hormones

A

aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens

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36
Q

what are the target organs of the cortex of the adrenal gland

A

kidney and most tissues

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37
Q

what are the functions of the cortex of the adrenal gland

A

Na+ and water retention and K+ excretion, fat and protein catabolism, stress resistance, tissue repair, stimulates pubic hair, apocrine glands, libido

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38
Q

what hormones are released by the pancreas

A

glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin

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39
Q

glucagon is secreted by the __ cells

A

alpha

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40
Q

what is the target organ of glucagon

A

primarily the liver

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41
Q

what are the functions of glucagon

A

stimulates amino acid absorption, glycogenesis, glycogen and fat breakdown to raise blood glucose and fatty acid levels

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42
Q

insulin is secreted by the __ cells

A

beta

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43
Q

what are the target organs of insulin

A

most tissues

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44
Q

what are the functions of insulin

A

stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake; lowers blood glucose level. promotes glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis

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45
Q

somatostatin(GHIH) is secreted by __ cells

A

delta

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46
Q

what are the target organs of somatostatin

A

stomach, intestines, and pancreatic islet cells

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47
Q

what are the functions of somatostatin

A

modulates digestion, nutrient absorption, a nd glucagon and insulin secretion

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48
Q

what released from the gonads is considered exocrine

A

whole cells such as eggs and sperm

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49
Q

what released from the gonads is considered endocrine

A

hormones released by the cells

50
Q

what hormones are released by the hormones

A

estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin

51
Q

estradiol is converted by the __ cells

A

granulosa

52
Q

what are the target organs of estradiol

A

many tissues

53
Q

what are the functions of estradiol

A

stimulates female reproductive development, regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy, and prepares the mammary glands for lactation

54
Q

progesterone is secreted by __

A

the corpus luteum

55
Q

what are the target organs of progesterone

A

uterus and mammary glands

56
Q

what are the functions of progesterone

A

regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy, prepares mammary glands for lactation

57
Q

inhibin in women is secreted by

A

follicle and corpus luteum

58
Q

what are the target organs of inhibin

A

anterior pituitary

59
Q

what are the functions of inhibin

A

inhibits FSH secretion

60
Q

what hormones are released by the testes

A

testosterone and inhibin

61
Q

testosterone is secreted by

A

interstitial endocrine cells between tubules

62
Q

what are the target organs of testosterone

A

many tissues

63
Q

what are the functions of testosterone

A

Stimulates fetal and adolescent reproductive development, musculoskeletal growth, sperm production, and libido

64
Q

inhibin in men is secreted by

A

nurse cells from walls of seminiferous tubules

65
Q

true or false: cholesterol is a lipid and hydrophobic

A

false, it is a lipid and hydrophilic

66
Q

steroids are synthesized from

A

cholesterol

67
Q

steroids have a __ ring backbone

A

four

68
Q

how are peptides synthesized

A

the same way as any other protein.

69
Q

melatonin is synthesized from

A

tryptophan

70
Q

all monoamines are synthesized from __ except for _-

A

tyrosine, melatonin

71
Q

thyroid hormone is made of __and uses iodine

A

tyrosines

72
Q

lack of dietary iodine causes

A

a goiter

73
Q

the head of a fetus pushes on a uterus which causes __ and causes more contractions

A

neural stimulation

74
Q

hormones are transported through

A

blood

75
Q

are monoamines and peptides hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic

76
Q

what kinds of hormones are unbound

A

monoamines and peptides

77
Q

what kinds of hormones are broken down or removed in minutes

A

monoamines and peptides

78
Q

are steroids and thyroid hormone hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophobic

79
Q

what kinds of hormones are bound hormones and what does this mean

A

steroids and thyroid hormone; it means that it must bind to a hydrophilic transport protein such as globulins and albumns

80
Q

what kinds of hormones may circulate for hours to weeks

A

steroids and thyroid hormone

81
Q

hormones have to be __ in order to react

A

unbound

82
Q

Receptors are __ or __ on the plasma membrane.

A

proteins, glycoproteins

83
Q

Receptors exhibit __and __

A

saturation, specificity

84
Q

define specificity

A

a receptor only binds to the hormone it wants to

85
Q

define saturation

A

when all receptors have a hormone bound to them there wont be more a dramatic reaction jus because there’s more hormones there.

86
Q

Peptides bind to hormones receptors in the

A

plasma membrane

87
Q

how must peptides and catecholamines enter a target cell

A

using a second messenger system

88
Q

what is the best known second- messenger system

A

cAMP

89
Q

what is a single amplification or cascade effect

A

one hormone triggers the synthesis of an enormous number enzymes and products

90
Q

are hormones abundant in single amplification/the cascade effect?

A

no, minute

91
Q

what is an example of up-regulation

A

In a late pregnancy the uterus produces oxytocin receptor for childbirth

92
Q

what is an example of down-regulation

A

Adipocytes are exposed to high concentrations of insulin and reduce receptors

93
Q

what are permissive effects

A

one hormone enhances response to a second

94
Q

what is half-life

A

the length of time required to clear 50% of the hormone from the blood.

95
Q

define stress

A

Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one’s physical or emotional well being or any situation that raises cortisol levels

96
Q

stress is mediated by the __ and __ nervous systems

A

endocrine, sympathetic

97
Q

what are some physical stressors

A

Injury, surgery, hemorrhage, infection, intense exercise, temperature extremes, pain, and malnutrition

98
Q

what are some emotional stressors

A

Anger, grief, depression, anxiety, and guilt

99
Q

what are the steps to part one of general adaptation syndrome

A
  1. Alarm reaction
    Initial reaction to stress
    Regulated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
    Hypothalamus –> Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine to prepare body for fight or flight (sympathetic response)
    Pupils and bronchioles dilate
    Respiration and sweating increase
    Blood glucose and lipid levels increase
    Angiotensin and aldosterone levels rise to increase blood pressure and promote sodium and water conservation
100
Q

what are the steps to part two of general adaptation syndrome

A
  1. Stage of resistance
    Occurs after a few hours as glycogen reserves are depleted
    This stage is regulated by the endocrine system
    Dominated by cortisol
    Hypothalamus secretes CRH
    Pituitary secretes ACTH
    Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol
    Cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis (fat and protein for glucose)
101
Q

what are the steps to part three of general adaptation syndrome

A
  1. Stage of exhaustion
    Occurs after weeks or months
    Fat reserves carry body through stress
    Once depleted there is rapid decline and death
    Protein is broken down wasting away muscle
    Cortex stops producing glucocorticoids
    Aldosterone retains high water and sodium, depleting potassium
    Hypokalemia (low K) and alkalosis (high blood pH) results in nervous and muscular dysfunction.
    Death from heart or kidney failure or overwhelming infection.
102
Q

what do paracrine messengers do

A

signal diffuses only to nearby cells in the same tissue

103
Q

what is an example of a paracrine messenger

A

mast cells in connective tissue secrete histamine which causes vasodilation in nearby smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel

104
Q

what do autocrine messengers do

A

signal stimulates the same cell that secretes it

105
Q

what is an example of an autocrine messenger

A

Hepcidin secreted by liver work on liver to regulate release of stored iron into blood

106
Q

eicosanoids are

A

paracrine secretions with a 20 carbon backbone

107
Q

what are eicosanoids derived from

A

arachidonic acid

108
Q

what are the four classes of eicosanoids

A

Leukotrienes, Prostacyclin, Thromboxanes, and Prostaglandins

109
Q

where do Leukotrienes come from and what is their function

A
  1. Secreted by basophils, mast cells, damaged tissue

2. Vasodilation & neutrophil chemotaxis

110
Q

where do Prostacyclin come from and what is there function

A
  1. Produced by blood vessel walls

2. Inhibit blood clotting & vasoconstriction

111
Q

where do Thromboxanes come from and what is there function

A
  1. Produced by platelets

2. Stimulate vasoconstriction and clotting

112
Q

what are the most diverse eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins

113
Q

SAID =

A

hydrocortisone

114
Q

hyposecretion means

A

inadequate hormone release

115
Q

hyper secretion means

A

excessive hormone release

116
Q

both hyper and hypo secretion can be caused by

A

tumors or autoimmune disease

117
Q

true or false: Hypersecretion can be mimicked by long-term clinical hormone use

A

true

118
Q

what s the world’s most prevelant metabolic disease

A

diabetes mellitis

119
Q

define diabetes mellitus

A

disruption of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from the hyposecretion or inaction of insulin.

120
Q

what are classic signs of diabetes mellitus

A 
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Hyperglycemia
Glycosuria
Ketonuria

A&P (14 decks)

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