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A&P > A&P2 CHAPTER 18 > Flashcards

A&P2 CHAPTER 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Define the circulatory system

A

an organ system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

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2
Q

what are some function of blood

A
  1. Transport nutrients , wastes, and hormones
  2. Protection- prevents blood loss following trauma, limits the spread of infection with leukocytes, antibodies and complement proteins.
  3. Regulation- maintains body temperature, maintains body pH with buffers and maintains fluid volume in circulatory system with salts and proteins
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3
Q

what are the components of blood and their percentages

A

55% plamsa

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4
Q

what are red blood cells also known as

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

what are white blood cells also known as

A

Leukocytes

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6
Q

what is the volume of blood in a. human body

A

female- 4-5L

male: 5-6L

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7
Q

what is the pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

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8
Q

what is the osmolarity of blood

A

280-296

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9
Q

what is the mean salinity of blood

A

0.9%

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10
Q

how much water is in plasma

A

90%

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11
Q

what are the other components of plasma besides water

A

blood proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, gases, and hormones

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12
Q

what is serum

A

the components of plasma minus the clotting protein fibrinogen

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13
Q

what does the protein prothrombin do

A

promotes blood clotting

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14
Q

what does the protein transferrin do

A

transports iron

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15
Q

what is viscosity

A

the resistance of a fluid to flow; the thickness or stickiness of a fluid

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16
Q

define osmolarity

A

the molar concentration of dissolved particles in 1L of solution.

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17
Q

what does it mean if one’s osmolarity is too high

A

the bloodstream absorbs too much water

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18
Q

what does it mean if one’s osmolarity is too low

A

tissues retain too much water

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19
Q

what is colloid Osmotic pressure

A

the contribution of protein to blood osmotic pressure

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20
Q

what is COPs role

A

ensures the balance of fluid between the blood and the tissues

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21
Q

define hemopoiesis

A

production of all blood cells; they all arise from a common stem cell

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22
Q

what are the primary functions of erythrocytes

A
  1. Pick up Oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to body tissues
  2. Pick up Carbon Dioxide from the body tissues and deliver it to the lungs
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23
Q

which blood cells are the most important cellular contributor to blood viscosity

A

erythrocytes

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24
Q

define hematocrit

A

the percentage of Erythrocytes in a blood sample

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25
which blood cells have flattened, biconcave discs
erythrocytes
26
how is an erythrocytes shape maintained
spectrin and actin
27
which blood cells use anaerobic fermentation
erythrocytes
28
what is hemoglobin and its functions
1. Red pigment that gives RBC its color and name | 2. Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and buffers blood pH
29
what is carbonic anhydrase
an enzyme with a role in gas transport and pH balance
30
hemoglobin is made up of
globes(2 alpha and 2 beta) and heme groups
31
what is oxygen loading
when oxygen is “picked up” by Hb in the lungs
32
what is oxygen unloading
when oxygen is “released” by Hb to the body’s tissues
33
define Erythropoiesis
erythrocyte production; takes 3-5 days; occurs in bone marrow
34
define Erythropoietin
glycoprotein hormone (on ECFU) which stimulates red bone marrow to produce RBCs
35
ingested iron exists as __ and __
Ferric and Ferrous
36
define polycythemia
an abnormal excess of erythrocytes
37
what are some results of polycythemia
Increases blood viscosity, volume, and pressure | Can lead to embolism, stroke, or heart failure
38
what is primary polycythemia
caused by red bone marrow cancer | Hematocrit may reach 80%
39
what are causes of secondary polycythemia
``` Dehydration (by causing hypoxemia): High Altitude Emphysema Use of Recombinant EPO treatment Excessive aerobic exercise ```
40
define anemia
– blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity due to a deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin
41
what are the three main causes of anemia
1. Inadequate erythropoiesis 2. Hemorrhagic (blood loss) 3. Hemolytic (RBC destruction
42
what are the effects of anemia
``` Hypoxia Reduced blood osmolarity -Low blood pressure Reduced blood viscosity -Edema ```
43
what are the effects of sickle-cell anemia
Poor oxygen binding. O2 starved tissues cause intense pain; kidney or heart failure, stroke, joint pain, paralysis.
44
what are antigens made of
protein, glycoproteins, or glycolipids on RBC
45
antigens are also known as
agglutinogens
46
what determines the ABO blood groups
agglutinogens
47
the Rh blood group is largely determined by the presence of the
D antigen
48
define antibodies
proteins in the blood plasma
49
antibodies are also known as
agglutinins
50
what is the function of agglutinins
induce agglutination of RBCs with foreign antigens
51
define agglutination
clumping
52
what blood type is the universal receiver
AB
53
what blood type is the universal donor
O
54
what are the least abundantly formed element in blood
Leukocytes
55
what are the functions of Leukocytes
Protect the body from damage due to bacteria, viruses, toxins, parasites and tumors
56
define Leukocytosis
increase in WBC number due to infection
57
what are the two categories of Leukocytes
granulocytes and agranulocytes
58
granulocytes contain
specific granules
59
agranulocytes contain
no visible granules
60
histamine is a
vasodilator
61
define Leukopoiesis
Production of white blood cells
62
all white blood cells are derived from
Hematopoietic Stem Cel
63
what does CFU stand for
colony-forming units

A&P (14 decks)

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