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A&P > A&P2 CHAPTER 18 > Flashcards

A&P2 CHAPTER 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Define the circulatory system

A

an organ system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

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2
Q

what are some function of blood

A
  1. Transport nutrients , wastes, and hormones
  2. Protection- prevents blood loss following trauma, limits the spread of infection with leukocytes, antibodies and complement proteins.
  3. Regulation- maintains body temperature, maintains body pH with buffers and maintains fluid volume in circulatory system with salts and proteins
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3
Q

what are the components of blood and their percentages

A

55% plamsa

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4
Q

what are red blood cells also known as

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

what are white blood cells also known as

A

Leukocytes

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6
Q

what is the volume of blood in a. human body

A

female- 4-5L

male: 5-6L

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7
Q

what is the pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

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8
Q

what is the osmolarity of blood

A

280-296

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9
Q

what is the mean salinity of blood

A

0.9%

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10
Q

how much water is in plasma

A

90%

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11
Q

what are the other components of plasma besides water

A

blood proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, gases, and hormones

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12
Q

what is serum

A

the components of plasma minus the clotting protein fibrinogen

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13
Q

what does the protein prothrombin do

A

promotes blood clotting

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14
Q

what does the protein transferrin do

A

transports iron

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15
Q

what is viscosity

A

the resistance of a fluid to flow; the thickness or stickiness of a fluid

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16
Q

define osmolarity

A

the molar concentration of dissolved particles in 1L of solution.

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17
Q

what does it mean if one’s osmolarity is too high

A

the bloodstream absorbs too much water

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18
Q

what does it mean if one’s osmolarity is too low

A

tissues retain too much water

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19
Q

what is colloid Osmotic pressure

A

the contribution of protein to blood osmotic pressure

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20
Q

what is COPs role

A

ensures the balance of fluid between the blood and the tissues

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21
Q

define hemopoiesis

A

production of all blood cells; they all arise from a common stem cell

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22
Q

what are the primary functions of erythrocytes

A
  1. Pick up Oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to body tissues
  2. Pick up Carbon Dioxide from the body tissues and deliver it to the lungs
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23
Q

which blood cells are the most important cellular contributor to blood viscosity

A

erythrocytes

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24
Q

define hematocrit

A

the percentage of Erythrocytes in a blood sample

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25
Q

which blood cells have flattened, biconcave discs

A

erythrocytes

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26
Q

how is an erythrocytes shape maintained

A

spectrin and actin

27
Q

which blood cells use anaerobic fermentation

A

erythrocytes

28
Q

what is hemoglobin and its functions

A
  1. Red pigment that gives RBC its color and name

2. Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and buffers blood pH

29
Q

what is carbonic anhydrase

A

an enzyme with a role in gas transport and pH balance

30
Q

hemoglobin is made up of

A

globes(2 alpha and 2 beta) and heme groups

31
Q

what is oxygen loading

A

when oxygen is “picked up” by Hb in the lungs

32
Q

what is oxygen unloading

A

when oxygen is “released” by Hb to the body’s tissues

33
Q

define Erythropoiesis

A

erythrocyte production; takes 3-5 days; occurs in bone marrow

34
Q

define Erythropoietin

A

glycoprotein hormone (on ECFU) which stimulates red bone marrow to produce RBCs

35
Q

ingested iron exists as __ and __

A

Ferric and Ferrous

36
Q

define polycythemia

A

an abnormal excess of erythrocytes

37
Q

what are some results of polycythemia

A

Increases blood viscosity, volume, and pressure

Can lead to embolism, stroke, or heart failure

38
Q

what is primary polycythemia

A

caused by red bone marrow cancer

Hematocrit may reach 80%

39
Q

what are causes of secondary polycythemia

A 
Dehydration
(by causing hypoxemia):
High Altitude
Emphysema
Use of Recombinant EPO treatment
Excessive aerobic exercise
40
Q

define anemia

A

– blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity due to a deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin

41
Q

what are the three main causes of anemia

A
  1. Inadequate erythropoiesis
  2. Hemorrhagic (blood loss)
  3. Hemolytic (RBC destruction
42
Q

what are the effects of anemia

A 
Hypoxia
Reduced blood osmolarity
-Low blood pressure
Reduced blood viscosity
-Edema
43
Q

what are the effects of sickle-cell anemia

A

Poor oxygen binding. O2 starved tissues cause intense pain; kidney or heart failure, stroke, joint pain, paralysis.

44
Q

what are antigens made of

A

protein, glycoproteins, or glycolipids on RBC

45
Q

antigens are also known as

A

agglutinogens

46
Q

what determines the ABO blood groups

A

agglutinogens

47
Q

the Rh blood group is largely determined by the presence of the

A

D antigen

48
Q

define antibodies

A

proteins in the blood plasma

49
Q

antibodies are also known as

A

agglutinins

50
Q

what is the function of agglutinins

A

induce agglutination of RBCs with foreign antigens

51
Q

define agglutination

A

clumping

52
Q

what blood type is the universal receiver

A

AB

53
Q

what blood type is the universal donor

A

O

54
Q

what are the least abundantly formed element in blood

A

Leukocytes

55
Q

what are the functions of Leukocytes

A

Protect the body from damage due to bacteria, viruses, toxins, parasites and tumors

56
Q

define Leukocytosis

A

increase in WBC number due to infection

57
Q

what are the two categories of Leukocytes

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

58
Q

granulocytes contain

A

specific granules

59
Q

agranulocytes contain

A

no visible granules

60
Q

histamine is a

A

vasodilator

61
Q

define Leukopoiesis

A

Production of white blood cells

62
Q

all white blood cells are derived from

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cel

63
Q

what does CFU stand for

A

colony-forming units

A&P (14 decks)

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