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A&P > Chapter 24.3 > Flashcards

Chapter 24.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular function requires a __ with a carefully controlled composition

A

fluid medium

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2
Q

what are the three types of homeostatic balance

A

fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance

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3
Q

what is an example of a strong acid

A

HCl

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4
Q

what does a strong acid do

A

ionizes freely, releasing H+ in solution, lowering the pH

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5
Q

what is an example of a weak acid

A

H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

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6
Q

what does a weak acid do

A

ionizes only slightly, with little effect on pH

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7
Q

what is an example of a strong base

A

OH- (hydroxide)

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8
Q

what does a strong base do

A

has a strong tendency to bind H+, raising the pH

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9
Q

what is an example of a weak base

A

HCO3-(Bicarbonate)

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10
Q

what does a weak base do

A

binds less H+ with less effect on pH

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11
Q

what do buffers do

A

limit pH changes by converting a strong acid or base into a weak one

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12
Q

acids are proton __ and bases are proton __

A

donors, acceptors

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13
Q

the proton is the __ ion

A

hydrogen

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14
Q

a strong acid ionizes freely which means

A

when its put into a solution it makes ions

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15
Q

the more hydrogen the more

A

acidic

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16
Q

strong bases bind hydrogen which raise __ making it more alkaline

A

pH

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17
Q

what is the normal range for blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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18
Q

__ of proteins are sensitive to pH

A

3D

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19
Q

what are the three ways to maintain acid-base balance

A

chemical buffer systems, respiratory systems and renal regulation

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20
Q

what are the three parts to chemical buffer systems

A

protein, phosphate, and bicarbonate

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21
Q

protein buffers work in

A

blood and cells

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22
Q

phosphates are in the __ and bicarbonates are in the __

A

cell, interstitial fluid

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23
Q

which acid-base balance system works within seconds

A

chemical buffer systems

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24
Q

respiratory acid base balance works within

A

minutes

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25
Q

the renal regulation works within

A

hours to days

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26
Q

the protein buffer system accounts for __ of all chemical buffering in body fluids

A

3/4

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27
Q

the amino group in the protein buffer system acts as a __ base to buffer acid, yielding __

A

weak base, ammonia

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28
Q

Carboxyl group acts as a __ to buffer base yielding

A

weak acid, Carboxylate

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29
Q

what is the amino group of a protein

A

-NH2

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30
Q

what is the chemical formula for ammonia

A

NH3

31
Q

what is the chemical formula for carboxyl

A

-COOH

32
Q

where is the phosphate buffer system most active

A

buffer within the cells (ISF) especially in the renal tubules where the pH is closer to the buffers functional optimum of 6.8

33
Q

Hydrogen Phosphate acts as a weak base to __

A

buffer acid

34
Q

Dihydrogen Phosphate acts as a weak acid to

A

buffer base

35
Q

the bicarbonate buffer system is a major __ buffer

A

ECF

36
Q

Bicarbonate acts as a weak base to

A

buffer acid

37
Q

Carbonic acid acts as a weak acid to

A

buffer base

38
Q

in respiratory regulation, an elevation in CO2 would

A

activate medullary chemoreceptors that increase respiratory rate and depth

39
Q

an increase of CO2 in the body fluids will__ the pH

A

lower

40
Q

a decrease of C)2 in the body fluids will __ the pH

A

rase

41
Q

carbonic acid can be eliminated by exhaling __, it is a volatile acid

A

CO2

42
Q

CO2 diffuses from the blood within pulmonary capillaries into the __ and then it is expired

A

alveoli

43
Q

CO2 is produced by

A

aerobic cellular respiration within mitochondria

44
Q

If you are not building up CO2 it will bind with water making

A

carbonic oxide

45
Q

When there is an increase of CO2 it becomes more __because you are making more hydrogen ions

A

acidic

46
Q

When CO2 is low it drives equation to the __ and hydrogen binds so you raise the pH making it more __

A

left, alkaline

47
Q

Because carbonic acid can be eliminated by exhaling it is considered a

A

volatile acid

48
Q

T/F: Kidneys can neutralize more acid or base than either the respiratory system or chemical buffers.

A

true

49
Q

Metabolic reactions produce many nonvolatile acid aka ___

A

fixed acid

50
Q

what are some examples of nonvolatile or fixed acids produced by metabolic reactions

A

Lactic acid from glycolysis
Phosphoric acid from nucleic acid metabolism
Ketoacids from fat metabolism
Various acids in food

51
Q

during renal regulation, as hydrogen exits, __ comes in

A

sodium

52
Q

during renal regulation sodium gets absorbed through the

A

peritubular capillary

53
Q

the limiting pH for tubular fluid is

A

4.5

54
Q

In diarrhea you are losing __ ions

A

bicarbonate

55
Q

type A intercalated cells secrete

A

excess hydrogen ions in the urine

56
Q

decreased amounts of H equals

A

increase in pH

57
Q

what kind of diets can decrease hydrogen ion concentration as well as induce vomiting

A

vegetarian

58
Q

Type b intercalated cells reabsorb ___ to

A

hydrogen ions into the blood, increase the amount of H ions in the blood and bring pH back down to normal

59
Q

Acid-base imbalances occurs when

A

the buffering capacity of the chemical buffering system is exceeded

60
Q

respiratory acidosis means

A

abnormally high PCO2 in systemic arterial blood

61
Q

respiratory alkalosis means

A

abnormally low PCO2 in systemic arterial blood

62
Q

metabolic acidosis means

A

abnormally low HCO3- in arterial blood

63
Q

metabolic alkalosis means

A

abnormally high HCO3- in arterial blood

64
Q

what is acidosis

A

blood pH below 7.35

65
Q

what is alkalosis

A

blood pH above 7.45

66
Q

is acidosis the equation drives to the __ and alkalosis the __

A

right, left

67
Q

what are some causes of respiratory acidosis

A

hypoventilation, apnea, respiratory arrest, asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, narcotic overdose

68
Q

what are some causes of respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation due to pain or emotions such as anxiety; oxygen deficiency(at high elevations)

69
Q

what are some causes of metabolic acidosis

A

excess production of organic acids as in diabetes mellitus and starvation; long-term anaerobic fermentation; hyperkalemia; chronic diarrhea; excessive alcohol consumption ; drugs such as aspirin and laxatives

70
Q

what are some causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

rare but can result from chronic vomiting; overuse of bicarbonates(antacids) aldosterone hyper-secretion

71
Q

wait does uncompensated mean

A

Physiologic buffer systems do not return blood pH to normal; medical intervention is needed

72
Q

what does compensated mean

A

Physiologic buffer systems return blood pH to normal

73
Q

renal regulation lowers

A

bicarbonate ions

74
Q

Renal acidosis is increased __ in the blood drives equation to the right

A

hydrogen ions

A&P (14 decks)

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