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A&P > Chapter 24.3 > Flashcards

Chapter 24.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular function requires a __ with a carefully controlled composition

A

fluid medium

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2
Q

what are the three types of homeostatic balance

A

fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance

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3
Q

what is an example of a strong acid

A

HCl

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4
Q

what does a strong acid do

A

ionizes freely, releasing H+ in solution, lowering the pH

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5
Q

what is an example of a weak acid

A

H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

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6
Q

what does a weak acid do

A

ionizes only slightly, with little effect on pH

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7
Q

what is an example of a strong base

A

OH- (hydroxide)

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8
Q

what does a strong base do

A

has a strong tendency to bind H+, raising the pH

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9
Q

what is an example of a weak base

A

HCO3-(Bicarbonate)

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10
Q

what does a weak base do

A

binds less H+ with less effect on pH

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11
Q

what do buffers do

A

limit pH changes by converting a strong acid or base into a weak one

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12
Q

acids are proton __ and bases are proton __

A

donors, acceptors

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13
Q

the proton is the __ ion

A

hydrogen

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14
Q

a strong acid ionizes freely which means

A

when its put into a solution it makes ions

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15
Q

the more hydrogen the more

A

acidic

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16
Q

strong bases bind hydrogen which raise __ making it more alkaline

A

pH

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17
Q

what is the normal range for blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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18
Q

__ of proteins are sensitive to pH

A

3D

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19
Q

what are the three ways to maintain acid-base balance

A

chemical buffer systems, respiratory systems and renal regulation

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20
Q

what are the three parts to chemical buffer systems

A

protein, phosphate, and bicarbonate

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21
Q

protein buffers work in

A

blood and cells

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22
Q

phosphates are in the __ and bicarbonates are in the __

A

cell, interstitial fluid

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23
Q

which acid-base balance system works within seconds

A

chemical buffer systems

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24
Q

respiratory acid base balance works within

A

minutes

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25
the renal regulation works within
hours to days
26
the protein buffer system accounts for __ of all chemical buffering in body fluids
3/4
27
the amino group in the protein buffer system acts as a __ base to buffer acid, yielding __
weak base, ammonia
28
Carboxyl group acts as a __ to buffer base yielding
weak acid, Carboxylate
29
what is the amino group of a protein
-NH2
30
what is the chemical formula for ammonia
NH3
31
what is the chemical formula for carboxyl
-COOH
32
where is the phosphate buffer system most active
buffer within the cells (ISF) especially in the renal tubules where the pH is closer to the buffers functional optimum of 6.8
33
Hydrogen Phosphate acts as a weak base to __
buffer acid
34
Dihydrogen Phosphate acts as a weak acid to
buffer base
35
the bicarbonate buffer system is a major __ buffer
ECF
36
Bicarbonate acts as a weak base to
buffer acid
37
Carbonic acid acts as a weak acid to
buffer base
38
in respiratory regulation, an elevation in CO2 would
activate medullary chemoreceptors that increase respiratory rate and depth
39
an increase of CO2 in the body fluids will__ the pH
lower
40
a decrease of C)2 in the body fluids will __ the pH
rase
41
carbonic acid can be eliminated by exhaling __, it is a volatile acid
CO2
42
CO2 diffuses from the blood within pulmonary capillaries into the __ and then it is expired
alveoli
43
CO2 is produced by
aerobic cellular respiration within mitochondria
44
If you are not building up CO2 it will bind with water making
carbonic oxide
45
When there is an increase of CO2 it becomes more __because you are making more hydrogen ions
acidic
46
When CO2 is low it drives equation to the __ and hydrogen binds so you raise the pH making it more __
left, alkaline
47
Because carbonic acid can be eliminated by exhaling it is considered a
volatile acid
48
T/F: Kidneys can neutralize more acid or base than either the respiratory system or chemical buffers.
true
49
Metabolic reactions produce many nonvolatile acid aka ___
fixed acid
50
what are some examples of nonvolatile or fixed acids produced by metabolic reactions
Lactic acid from glycolysis Phosphoric acid from nucleic acid metabolism Ketoacids from fat metabolism Various acids in food
51
during renal regulation, as hydrogen exits, __ comes in
sodium
52
during renal regulation sodium gets absorbed through the
peritubular capillary
53
the limiting pH for tubular fluid is
4.5
54
In diarrhea you are losing __ ions
bicarbonate
55
type A intercalated cells secrete
excess hydrogen ions in the urine
56
decreased amounts of H equals
increase in pH
57
what kind of diets can decrease hydrogen ion concentration as well as induce vomiting
vegetarian
58
Type b intercalated cells reabsorb ___ to
hydrogen ions into the blood, increase the amount of H ions in the blood and bring pH back down to normal
59
Acid-base imbalances occurs when
the buffering capacity of the chemical buffering system is exceeded
60
respiratory acidosis means
abnormally high PCO2 in systemic arterial blood
61
respiratory alkalosis means
abnormally low PCO2 in systemic arterial blood
62
metabolic acidosis means
abnormally low HCO3- in arterial blood
63
metabolic alkalosis means
abnormally high HCO3- in arterial blood
64
what is acidosis
blood pH below 7.35
65
what is alkalosis
blood pH above 7.45
66
is acidosis the equation drives to the __ and alkalosis the __
right, left
67
what are some causes of respiratory acidosis
hypoventilation, apnea, respiratory arrest, asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, narcotic overdose
68
what are some causes of respiratory alkalosis
hyperventilation due to pain or emotions such as anxiety; oxygen deficiency(at high elevations)
69
what are some causes of metabolic acidosis
excess production of organic acids as in diabetes mellitus and starvation; long-term anaerobic fermentation; hyperkalemia; chronic diarrhea; excessive alcohol consumption ; drugs such as aspirin and laxatives
70
what are some causes of metabolic alkalosis
rare but can result from chronic vomiting; overuse of bicarbonates(antacids) aldosterone hyper-secretion
71
wait does uncompensated mean
Physiologic buffer systems do not return blood pH to normal; medical intervention is needed
72
what does compensated mean
Physiologic buffer systems return blood pH to normal
73
renal regulation lowers
bicarbonate ions
74
Renal acidosis is increased __ in the blood drives equation to the right
hydrogen ions

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