Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
before a specimen can be viewed through a microscope it must be __ and then___ and finally___
A
fixed(preserved), cut into sections, stained
2
Q
how does transmission electron microscopy(TEM) work
A
tissue sections are stained with heavy metal slats and deflect electrons
3
Q
a type of electron microscopy called___ provides 3D pictures of an unsectioned tissue surface
A
Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)
4
Q
minor distortions under a microscope are called
A
artifacts
5
Q
definition of epithelial tissue
A
a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
6
Q
what two forms of epithelial tissue occur in the body
A
covering/lining, glandular
7
Q
what are the functions of epithelium
A
protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretions nd sensory reception
8
Q
what are the five distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissues
A
polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, regeneration
9
Q
all epithelia have two surfaces which are
A
the apical surface and the basal surface
10
Q
true or false: the apical surface is attached to surrounding tissue and is never exposed to the outside or internal cavities
A
false
11
Q
the basal surface is attached to the __ and so epithelia is said to exhibit___
A
underlying connective tissue, apical-basal polarity
12
Q
most apical surfaces exhibit
A
microvilli
13
Q
definition of microvilli
A
fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane
14
Q
definition of brush border
A
a fuzzy appearance made by dense areas of microvilli
15
Q
what is the function of motile cilia
A
to propel substances along their free surface
16
Q
the ___ is adjacent to the basal surface of an epithelium
A
basal lamina
17
Q
definition of basal lamina
A
a noncellular, adhesive sheet that consists mostly of glycoproteins
18
Q
except for___ epithelial cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets
A
glandular epithelia
19
Q
the sides of adjacent cells are tied together by__ and __
A
tight junctions, desmosomes
20
Q
what is the function of tight junctions
A
to prevent substances from leaking through spaces between cells
21
Q
what is the function of desmosomes
A
to keep cells from pulling apart
22
Q
in between the epithelial and connective tissues is a..
A
basement membrane
23
Q
what is the function of the basement membrane
A
to reinforce the epithelial sheet
24
Q
the basement membrane consists of what two layers?
A
the basal lamina and a reticular lamina
25
true or false: the basement lamina is deep to the basal lamina
true
26
definition of avascular
containing no blood vessels
27
definition of innervated
supplied by nerve fibers
28
true or false: epithelium has a high regenerative capacity
true
29
The name of each epithelial has two parts, the first refers to the __, the second ___
number of cell layers, describes the shape of the cells
30
simple epithelia consist of how many layers
a single layer
31
simple epithelia found
where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur
32
stratified epithelia are composed of how many layers
two or more layers stacked on top of one another
33
stratified epithelia are found
in high abrasion areas such as the skin surface and lining of the mouth
34
squamous cells appear
flattened and scale like
35
cuboidal cells appear
boxlike
36
columnar cells appear
tall and column shaped
37
true or false: the shape of the nucleus of a cell does not conform to that of the cell
false
38
epithelial cells are named according to the shape of the cell in the __ layer
apical
39
description of simple squamous epithelium
single layer of flattened scale like cells with disc shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm
40
function of simple squamous epithelium
allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important and secretes lubricating substances in serosae
41
location of simple squamous epithelium
kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, and serosae
42
description of simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer of tubelike cells with large spherical central nuclei
43
function of simple cuboidal epithelium
secretion and absorption
44
location of simple cuboidal epithelium
kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
45
description of simple columnar epithelium
single layer of tall cells with round/oval nuclei, many cells bear microvilli or cilia, layer may contain goblet cells
46
function of simple columnar epithelium
absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus
47
location of simple columnar epithelium
conciliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
48
description of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
single layer of cells of differing heights, nuclei seen at different levels, may contain goblet cells and/or bear cilia
49
function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
secrete substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
50
location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
ciliated variety lines the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract; conciliated type in sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands
51
endothelium and mesothelium are made of
simple squamous epithelium
52
function of endothelium
provides a slick, friction reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system
53
capillaries consist exclusively of ___
endothelium
54
where is mesothelium found
in the serous membranes
55
description of stratified squamous epithelium
thick epithelial composed of multiple layers, basal cells are cuboidal or columnar while surface cells are squamous
56
function of stratified squamous epithelium
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
57
location of stratified squamous epithelium
nonkeratinized type found in the linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin
58
description of transitional epithelium
resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like depending on degree of organ stretch
59
function of transitional epithelium
stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ
60
location of transitional epithelium
lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethera
61
True or false: stratified squamous epithelium is the most widespread of the stratified epithelia
true
62
True or false: stratified cuboidal epithelium are quite common in the body
false
63
where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found in the body
the ducts of some larger glands such as sweat glands and mammary glands
64
True or false: stratified columnar epithelium are quite common in the body
false
65
where in the body are stratified columnar epithelium found
small amounts in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
66
definition of a gland
a gland consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
67
what is the product of a gland called
secretion
68
true or false: secretion refers only to the glands product
false; it can refer to the process of making and releasing that product as well
69
what two traits classify a gland
1. where they release their product
| 2. number of cells
70
definition of endocrine
internally secreting
71
definition of exocrine
externally secreting
72
true or false: endocrine glands lose their ducts during development
true, they are often called ductless glands because of this
73
what and how do endocrine glands secrete
hormones; by exocytosis directly into the extracellular space
74
how do exocrine glands secrete their product
onto body surfaces or body cavities using exocytosis(unicellular) and epithelium walled duct(multicellular)
75
what are the two important examples of exocrine unicellular glands
mucous and goblet cells
76
what two main components make up a multicellular exocrine gland
an epithelium derived duct and a secretory unit
77
simple glands have a___ duct while compound gland have a ___ duct
unbranched, branched
78
if a glands secretory cells form tubes it is classified as __
tubular
79
if a glands secretory cells form small, flasklike sacs it is classified as
alveolar or acinar
80
if a glands secretory cells form tubes AND small, flasklike sacs it is classified as
tubuloaveolar
81
true or false: merocrine glands are the least common of the glands
false
82
merocrine glands secrete their products by...
exocytosis
83
holocrine glands secrete their products by..
accumulating their products within them and rupturing
84
apocrine glands secrete their products by
accumulating their products right below the surface and pinching off the apex of the cell, releasing the secretory granules and a small amount of cytoplasm
85
what are the four main classes of connective tissue
connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood
86
what are the major functions of connective tissue
1. binding and support
2. protecting
3. insulating
4. storing reserve fuel
5. and transporting substances within the body
87
connective tissues consist largely of nonliving ____
extracellular matrix
88
all connective tissues arise from__
mesenchyme
89
what are the three main components of connective tissues
ground substance, fibers, and cells
90
together the __ and the ___ make up the extracellular matrix of connective tissues
ground substance, fibers
91
definition fo ground substance
the unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers
92
what are the three components of ground substance
interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans
93
what is the function of the interstitial fluid
it acts as a molecular sieve through which nutrients can diffuse through the capillaries and other cells
94
what is the function of cell adhesion proteins
a connective tissue glue that allows connective tissue cells to attach tot he extracellular matrix
95
what are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue matrix
collagen, elastic, and reticular
96
where are elastic fibers found
in the skin, lungs, and blood vessel walls
97
what is the immature blood forming cell called
hematopoietic stem cell
98
what is the function of mast cells
to duct foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory responses against them
99
what is heparin
an anticoagulant chemical that prevents blood clotting
100
what is histamine
a substance that makes capillaries leaky
101
what are proteases
a protein degrading enzymes
102
what are macrophages
large irregularly shaped cells that avidly devour a broad variety of foreign material
103
all mature connective tissues except for __,___, and ___ are connective tissue proper
bone, cartilage, and blood
104
what are the two subclasses of connective tissue
loose connective and dense connective
105
what tissues are classified under loose connective tissues
areolar, adipose, and reticular
106
what tissues are classified under dense connective tissues
dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic
107
what is the most widely distributed connective tissue in the body
areolar connective tissue
108
white fat stores__. but brown fat contains__
nutrients, mitochondria that use the lipid fuels to generate heat
109
description of loose areolar connective tissue
gel like matrix with all three fiber types
110
function of loose areolar connective tissue
wraps and cushions organs, plays unimportant role in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid
111
location of loose areolar connective tissue
widely distributed under epithelia of body
112
description of loose adipose connective tissue
gel like matrix with all three fiber types but very sparse
113
function of loose adipose connective tissue
provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs
114
location of loose adipose connective tissue
under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen and breasts
115
description of loose reticular connective tissue
loose network of reticular fibers in gel like ground substance
116
function of loose reticular connective tissue
fibers form soft internal skeleton(stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells mast cells and macrophages
117
location of loose reticular connective tissue
lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)
118
description of dense regular connective tissue
primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast
119
function of dense regular connective tissue
attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied none direction
120
location of dense regular connective tissue
tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
121
dense connective tissues are also often called__
fibrous connective tissues
122
description of dense irregular connective tissue
primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; fibroblast is the main cell type
123
function of dense irregular connective tissue
withstands tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength
124
location of dense irregular connective tissue
fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract
125
description of dense elastic connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
126
function of dense elastic connective tissue
allows tissue to recoil after stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoils of lungs following inspiration
127
location of dense elastic connective tissue
walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes
128
cartilage stands up to both __ and __
tension, compression
129
chondrocytes are typically found in the
lacunae
130
what are the three types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
131
hyaline cartilage is also called
gristle
132
what is the most abundant kind of cartilage in the body
hyaline
133
description of hyaline cartilage connective tissue
chondrocytes form in lacunae, collagen fibers form an imperceptible matrix
134
function hyaline cartilage connective tissue
supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress
135
location of hyaline cartilage connective tissue
forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea and larynx
136
description of elastic cartilage connective tissue
similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic fibers in matrix
137
function of elastic cartilage connective tissue
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
138
location of elastic cartilage connective tissue
supports the external ear; epiglottis
139
description of fibrocartilage connective tissue
matrix similar to hyaline cartilage with thick collagen fibers
140
function of fibrocartilage connective tissue
tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock
141
location of fibrocartilage connective tissue
intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis, discs o knee joint
142
description of bone connective tissue
hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. very well vascularized
143
function of bone connective tissue
supports and protects; provides levers for the muscles to act on, stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation
144
what is hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
145
location of bone connective tissue
in the bones, dummy
146
definite of ossify
to become bony
147
what are osteons
the "tree rings" that are seen in bone connective tissue. concentric rings of bony matrix surrounding central canals containing the blood vessels and nerves serving the bones
148
description of blood connective tissue
red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix(plasma)
149
function of blood connective tissue
transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
150
location of blood connective tissue
contained within blood vessels
151
description of skeletal muscle
long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells, obvious striations
152
function of skeletal muscle
voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression
153
location of skeletal muscle
in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to the skin
154
definition of myofilaments
elaborate networks of actin and myosin filaments the bring about movement or contraction in all cell types
155
skeletal muscle cells are also called
muscle fibers
156
description of cardiac muscle
branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at specialized junctions
157
function of cardiac muscle
as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control
158
location of cardiac muscle
the walls of the heart
159
description of smooth muscle
cells are spindle shaped with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets
160
function of smooth muscle
propels substances or objects along internal passageways; involuntary control
161
nervous tissue contains two major cells types__ and __
neurons, supporting cells
162
definition of neurons
highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
163
description of nervous tissue
neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are non excitable supporting cells
164
function of nervous tissue
neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors; supporting cells support and protect neurons
165
location of nervous tissue
brain, spinal cord and nerves
166
Nervous tissue contains two major cell types:
neurons and supporting cells
167
what do neurons do
generate and conduct nerve impulses
168
name the three types of covering and lining membranes
cutaneous, mucous and serous
169
definition of the three main covering/lining membranes
continuous multicellular sheets composed of at least two primary tissue types
170
what are covering/lining membranes composed of
an epithelium bound to an underlying connective tissue
171
the cuteness membrane is also called
your skin
172
what is the cutaneous membrane composed of
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium attached to a thick layer of connective tissue
173
the cutaneous membrane is a ___ membrane
dry
174
the mucous membrane is also called the
mucosae
175
where is the mucous membrane located
lines all body cavities that open to the outside
176
the mucosal membrane refers to the ___ of the membrane not the __
location, cell composition
177
most mucosae contain wither___ or __
stratified squamous, simple columnar epithelium
178
mucous membranes are adapted for ___ and __-
absorption, secretion
179
serous membranes have a ___ layer and a __ layer separated by__
visceral, parietal, serous fluid
180
the visceral and parietal layer consist of ___
simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
181
the ___ line the thoracic wall and cover the lungs
pleurae
182
the ___ encloses the heart
pericardium
183
the ___ encloses the abdominopelvic viscera
peritoneum
184
tissue repair occurs in what two major ways
regeneration and fibrosis
185
what is fibrosis
the action of replacing destroyed tissue with scar tissue
186
granulation tissue is
a delicate pink tissue that contains capillaries that grow in from nearby areas t=and lay down a new capillary bed
187
in simple infections, healing is solely by
regeneration
188
severe infections lead to ___ or __
clot formation, scarring
189
what tissues regenerate very well
epithelial tissues, areolar connective, dense irregular, and blood forming tissue
190
what tissues have moderate capacity for regeneration
smooth muscle and dense irregular
191
what tissues regenerate very poorly
skeletal muscle and cartilage
192
what tissues have virtually no functional regenerative capacity and are routinely replaced by scar tissue
nervous tissue in the brain and the spinal cord
193
in non regenerating tissues and exceptionally severe wounds __ takes place
fibrosis
194
when cells multiply excessively an abnormal mass of proliferating cells called a __ result
neoplasm
195
neoplasms are classified as ___ or __
benign, malignant
196
how do malignant neoplasms travel throughout the body
via blood or lymph
197
the capability of neoplasms traveling to other parts of the body is called
metastasis
198
what are some of the body's defenses against carcinogens
deactivation of the liver, cells DNA repair, immune system cells scan and eliminate any cancerous cells
199
what are oncogenes
cancer causing cells
200
what are proto-oncogenes
benign forms of oncogenes informal cells
201
what is a biopsy
surgically removing a tissue sample and examining it microscopically for malignant cells
202
what is one of the first embryonic events of development
the formation of the three primary germ layers
203
what are the three primary germ layers from superficial to deep
ectoderm,mesoderm, and endoderm
204
what are the three primary germ layers specialize to form the four primary tissues which are
epithelium, nervous, connective, and muscle
