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A&P > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

before a specimen can be viewed through a microscope it must be __ and then___ and finally___

A

fixed(preserved), cut into sections, stained

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2
Q

how does transmission electron microscopy(TEM) work

A

tissue sections are stained with heavy metal slats and deflect electrons

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3
Q

a type of electron microscopy called___ provides 3D pictures of an unsectioned tissue surface

A

Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)

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4
Q

minor distortions under a microscope are called

A

artifacts

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5
Q

definition of epithelial tissue

A

a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

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6
Q

what two forms of epithelial tissue occur in the body

A

covering/lining, glandular

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7
Q

what are the functions of epithelium

A

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretions nd sensory reception

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8
Q

what are the five distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissues

A

polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, regeneration

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9
Q

all epithelia have two surfaces which are

A

the apical surface and the basal surface

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10
Q

true or false: the apical surface is attached to surrounding tissue and is never exposed to the outside or internal cavities

A

false

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11
Q

the basal surface is attached to the __ and so epithelia is said to exhibit___

A

underlying connective tissue, apical-basal polarity

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12
Q

most apical surfaces exhibit

A

microvilli

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13
Q

definition of microvilli

A

fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane

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14
Q

definition of brush border

A

a fuzzy appearance made by dense areas of microvilli

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15
Q

what is the function of motile cilia

A

to propel substances along their free surface

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16
Q

the ___ is adjacent to the basal surface of an epithelium

A

basal lamina

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17
Q

definition of basal lamina

A

a noncellular, adhesive sheet that consists mostly of glycoproteins

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18
Q

except for___ epithelial cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets

A

glandular epithelia

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19
Q

the sides of adjacent cells are tied together by__ and __

A

tight junctions, desmosomes

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20
Q

what is the function of tight junctions

A

to prevent substances from leaking through spaces between cells

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21
Q

what is the function of desmosomes

A

to keep cells from pulling apart

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22
Q

in between the epithelial and connective tissues is a..

A

basement membrane

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23
Q

what is the function of the basement membrane

A

to reinforce the epithelial sheet

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24
Q

the basement membrane consists of what two layers?

A

the basal lamina and a reticular lamina

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25
Q

true or false: the basement lamina is deep to the basal lamina

A

true

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26
Q

definition of avascular

A

containing no blood vessels

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27
Q

definition of innervated

A

supplied by nerve fibers

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28
Q

true or false: epithelium has a high regenerative capacity

A

true

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29
Q

The name of each epithelial has two parts, the first refers to the __, the second ___

A

number of cell layers, describes the shape of the cells

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30
Q

simple epithelia consist of how many layers

A

a single layer

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31
Q

simple epithelia found

A

where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur

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32
Q

stratified epithelia are composed of how many layers

A

two or more layers stacked on top of one another

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33
Q

stratified epithelia are found

A

in high abrasion areas such as the skin surface and lining of the mouth

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34
Q

squamous cells appear

A

flattened and scale like

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35
Q

cuboidal cells appear

A

boxlike

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36
Q

columnar cells appear

A

tall and column shaped

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37
Q

true or false: the shape of the nucleus of a cell does not conform to that of the cell

A

false

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38
Q

epithelial cells are named according to the shape of the cell in the __ layer

A

apical

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39
Q

description of simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flattened scale like cells with disc shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm

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40
Q

function of simple squamous epithelium

A

allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important and secretes lubricating substances in serosae

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41
Q

location of simple squamous epithelium

A

kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, and serosae

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42
Q

description of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of tubelike cells with large spherical central nuclei

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43
Q

function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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44
Q

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

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45
Q

description of simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of tall cells with round/oval nuclei, many cells bear microvilli or cilia, layer may contain goblet cells

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46
Q

function of simple columnar epithelium

A

absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus

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47
Q

location of simple columnar epithelium

A

conciliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

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48
Q

description of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer of cells of differing heights, nuclei seen at different levels, may contain goblet cells and/or bear cilia

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49
Q

function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

secrete substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

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50
Q

location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

ciliated variety lines the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract; conciliated type in sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands

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51
Q

endothelium and mesothelium are made of

A

simple squamous epithelium

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52
Q

function of endothelium

A

provides a slick, friction reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system

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53
Q

capillaries consist exclusively of ___

A

endothelium

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54
Q

where is mesothelium found

A

in the serous membranes

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55
Q

description of stratified squamous epithelium

A

thick epithelial composed of multiple layers, basal cells are cuboidal or columnar while surface cells are squamous

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56
Q

function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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57
Q

location of stratified squamous epithelium

A

nonkeratinized type found in the linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin

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58
Q

description of transitional epithelium

A

resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like depending on degree of organ stretch

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59
Q

function of transitional epithelium

A

stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ

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60
Q

location of transitional epithelium

A

lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethera

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61
Q

True or false: stratified squamous epithelium is the most widespread of the stratified epithelia

A

true

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62
Q

True or false: stratified cuboidal epithelium are quite common in the body

A

false

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63
Q

where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found in the body

A

the ducts of some larger glands such as sweat glands and mammary glands

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64
Q

True or false: stratified columnar epithelium are quite common in the body

A

false

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65
Q

where in the body are stratified columnar epithelium found

A

small amounts in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts

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66
Q

definition of a gland

A

a gland consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

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67
Q

what is the product of a gland called

A

secretion

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68
Q

true or false: secretion refers only to the glands product

A

false; it can refer to the process of making and releasing that product as well

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69
Q

what two traits classify a gland

A
  1. where they release their product

2. number of cells

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70
Q

definition of endocrine

A

internally secreting

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71
Q

definition of exocrine

A

externally secreting

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72
Q

true or false: endocrine glands lose their ducts during development

A

true, they are often called ductless glands because of this

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73
Q

what and how do endocrine glands secrete

A

hormones; by exocytosis directly into the extracellular space

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74
Q

how do exocrine glands secrete their product

A

onto body surfaces or body cavities using exocytosis(unicellular) and epithelium walled duct(multicellular)

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75
Q

what are the two important examples of exocrine unicellular glands

A

mucous and goblet cells

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76
Q

what two main components make up a multicellular exocrine gland

A

an epithelium derived duct and a secretory unit

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77
Q

simple glands have a___ duct while compound gland have a ___ duct

A

unbranched, branched

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78
Q

if a glands secretory cells form tubes it is classified as __

A

tubular

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79
Q

if a glands secretory cells form small, flasklike sacs it is classified as

A

alveolar or acinar

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80
Q

if a glands secretory cells form tubes AND small, flasklike sacs it is classified as

A

tubuloaveolar

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81
Q

true or false: merocrine glands are the least common of the glands

A

false

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82
Q

merocrine glands secrete their products by…

A

exocytosis

83
Q

holocrine glands secrete their products by..

A

accumulating their products within them and rupturing

84
Q

apocrine glands secrete their products by

A

accumulating their products right below the surface and pinching off the apex of the cell, releasing the secretory granules and a small amount of cytoplasm

85
Q

what are the four main classes of connective tissue

A

connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood

86
Q

what are the major functions of connective tissue

A
  1. binding and support
  2. protecting
  3. insulating
  4. storing reserve fuel
  5. and transporting substances within the body
87
Q

connective tissues consist largely of nonliving ____

A

extracellular matrix

88
Q

all connective tissues arise from__

A

mesenchyme

89
Q

what are the three main components of connective tissues

A

ground substance, fibers, and cells

90
Q

together the __ and the ___ make up the extracellular matrix of connective tissues

A

ground substance, fibers

91
Q

definition fo ground substance

A

the unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers

92
Q

what are the three components of ground substance

A

interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans

93
Q

what is the function of the interstitial fluid

A

it acts as a molecular sieve through which nutrients can diffuse through the capillaries and other cells

94
Q

what is the function of cell adhesion proteins

A

a connective tissue glue that allows connective tissue cells to attach tot he extracellular matrix

95
Q

what are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue matrix

A

collagen, elastic, and reticular

96
Q

where are elastic fibers found

A

in the skin, lungs, and blood vessel walls

97
Q

what is the immature blood forming cell called

A

hematopoietic stem cell

98
Q

what is the function of mast cells

A

to duct foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory responses against them

99
Q

what is heparin

A

an anticoagulant chemical that prevents blood clotting

100
Q

what is histamine

A

a substance that makes capillaries leaky

101
Q

what are proteases

A

a protein degrading enzymes

102
Q

what are macrophages

A

large irregularly shaped cells that avidly devour a broad variety of foreign material

103
Q

all mature connective tissues except for __,___, and ___ are connective tissue proper

A

bone, cartilage, and blood

104
Q

what are the two subclasses of connective tissue

A

loose connective and dense connective

105
Q

what tissues are classified under loose connective tissues

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular

106
Q

what tissues are classified under dense connective tissues

A

dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic

107
Q

what is the most widely distributed connective tissue in the body

A

areolar connective tissue

108
Q

white fat stores__. but brown fat contains__

A

nutrients, mitochondria that use the lipid fuels to generate heat

109
Q

description of loose areolar connective tissue

A

gel like matrix with all three fiber types

110
Q

function of loose areolar connective tissue

A

wraps and cushions organs, plays unimportant role in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid

111
Q

location of loose areolar connective tissue

A

widely distributed under epithelia of body

112
Q

description of loose adipose connective tissue

A

gel like matrix with all three fiber types but very sparse

113
Q

function of loose adipose connective tissue

A

provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

114
Q

location of loose adipose connective tissue

A

under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen and breasts

115
Q

description of loose reticular connective tissue

A

loose network of reticular fibers in gel like ground substance

116
Q

function of loose reticular connective tissue

A

fibers form soft internal skeleton(stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells mast cells and macrophages

117
Q

location of loose reticular connective tissue

A

lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)

118
Q

description of dense regular connective tissue

A

primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast

119
Q

function of dense regular connective tissue

A

attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied none direction

120
Q

location of dense regular connective tissue

A

tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

121
Q

dense connective tissues are also often called__

A

fibrous connective tissues

122
Q

description of dense irregular connective tissue

A

primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; fibroblast is the main cell type

123
Q

function of dense irregular connective tissue

A

withstands tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength

124
Q

location of dense irregular connective tissue

A

fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract

125
Q

description of dense elastic connective tissue

A

dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers

126
Q

function of dense elastic connective tissue

A

allows tissue to recoil after stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoils of lungs following inspiration

127
Q

location of dense elastic connective tissue

A

walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes

128
Q

cartilage stands up to both __ and __

A

tension, compression

129
Q

chondrocytes are typically found in the

A

lacunae

130
Q

what are the three types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

131
Q

hyaline cartilage is also called

A

gristle

132
Q

what is the most abundant kind of cartilage in the body

A

hyaline

133
Q

description of hyaline cartilage connective tissue

A

chondrocytes form in lacunae, collagen fibers form an imperceptible matrix

134
Q

function hyaline cartilage connective tissue

A

supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress

135
Q

location of hyaline cartilage connective tissue

A

forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea and larynx

136
Q

description of elastic cartilage connective tissue

A

similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic fibers in matrix

137
Q

function of elastic cartilage connective tissue

A

maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

138
Q

location of elastic cartilage connective tissue

A

supports the external ear; epiglottis

139
Q

description of fibrocartilage connective tissue

A

matrix similar to hyaline cartilage with thick collagen fibers

140
Q

function of fibrocartilage connective tissue

A

tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock

141
Q

location of fibrocartilage connective tissue

A

intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis, discs o knee joint

142
Q

description of bone connective tissue

A

hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. very well vascularized

143
Q

function of bone connective tissue

A

supports and protects; provides levers for the muscles to act on, stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation

144
Q

what is hematopoiesis

A

blood cell formation

145
Q

location of bone connective tissue

A

in the bones, dummy

146
Q

definite of ossify

A

to become bony

147
Q

what are osteons

A

the “tree rings” that are seen in bone connective tissue. concentric rings of bony matrix surrounding central canals containing the blood vessels and nerves serving the bones

148
Q

description of blood connective tissue

A

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix(plasma)

149
Q

function of blood connective tissue

A

transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

150
Q

location of blood connective tissue

A

contained within blood vessels

151
Q

description of skeletal muscle

A

long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells, obvious striations

152
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression

153
Q

location of skeletal muscle

A

in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to the skin

154
Q

definition of myofilaments

A

elaborate networks of actin and myosin filaments the bring about movement or contraction in all cell types

155
Q

skeletal muscle cells are also called

A

muscle fibers

156
Q

description of cardiac muscle

A

branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at specialized junctions

157
Q

function of cardiac muscle

A

as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control

158
Q

location of cardiac muscle

A

the walls of the heart

159
Q

description of smooth muscle

A

cells are spindle shaped with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets

160
Q

function of smooth muscle

A

propels substances or objects along internal passageways; involuntary control

161
Q

nervous tissue contains two major cells types__ and __

A

neurons, supporting cells

162
Q

definition of neurons

A

highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

163
Q

description of nervous tissue

A

neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are non excitable supporting cells

164
Q

function of nervous tissue

A

neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors; supporting cells support and protect neurons

165
Q

location of nervous tissue

A

brain, spinal cord and nerves

166
Q

Nervous tissue contains two major cell types:

A

neurons and supporting cells

167
Q

what do neurons do

A

generate and conduct nerve impulses

168
Q

name the three types of covering and lining membranes

A

cutaneous, mucous and serous

169
Q

definition of the three main covering/lining membranes

A

continuous multicellular sheets composed of at least two primary tissue types

170
Q

what are covering/lining membranes composed of

A

an epithelium bound to an underlying connective tissue

171
Q

the cuteness membrane is also called

A

your skin

172
Q

what is the cutaneous membrane composed of

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium attached to a thick layer of connective tissue

173
Q

the cutaneous membrane is a ___ membrane

A

dry

174
Q

the mucous membrane is also called the

A

mucosae

175
Q

where is the mucous membrane located

A

lines all body cavities that open to the outside

176
Q

the mucosal membrane refers to the ___ of the membrane not the __

A

location, cell composition

177
Q

most mucosae contain wither___ or __

A

stratified squamous, simple columnar epithelium

178
Q

mucous membranes are adapted for ___ and __-

A

absorption, secretion

179
Q

serous membranes have a ___ layer and a __ layer separated by__

A

visceral, parietal, serous fluid

180
Q

the visceral and parietal layer consist of ___

A

simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

181
Q

the ___ line the thoracic wall and cover the lungs

A

pleurae

182
Q

the ___ encloses the heart

A

pericardium

183
Q

the ___ encloses the abdominopelvic viscera

A

peritoneum

184
Q

tissue repair occurs in what two major ways

A

regeneration and fibrosis

185
Q

what is fibrosis

A

the action of replacing destroyed tissue with scar tissue

186
Q

granulation tissue is

A

a delicate pink tissue that contains capillaries that grow in from nearby areas t=and lay down a new capillary bed

187
Q

in simple infections, healing is solely by

A

regeneration

188
Q

severe infections lead to ___ or __

A

clot formation, scarring

189
Q

what tissues regenerate very well

A

epithelial tissues, areolar connective, dense irregular, and blood forming tissue

190
Q

what tissues have moderate capacity for regeneration

A

smooth muscle and dense irregular

191
Q

what tissues regenerate very poorly

A

skeletal muscle and cartilage

192
Q

what tissues have virtually no functional regenerative capacity and are routinely replaced by scar tissue

A

nervous tissue in the brain and the spinal cord

193
Q

in non regenerating tissues and exceptionally severe wounds __ takes place

A

fibrosis

194
Q

when cells multiply excessively an abnormal mass of proliferating cells called a __ result

A

neoplasm

195
Q

neoplasms are classified as ___ or __

A

benign, malignant

196
Q

how do malignant neoplasms travel throughout the body

A

via blood or lymph

197
Q

the capability of neoplasms traveling to other parts of the body is called

A

metastasis

198
Q

what are some of the body’s defenses against carcinogens

A

deactivation of the liver, cells DNA repair, immune system cells scan and eliminate any cancerous cells

199
Q

what are oncogenes

A

cancer causing cells

200
Q

what are proto-oncogenes

A

benign forms of oncogenes informal cells

201
Q

what is a biopsy

A

surgically removing a tissue sample and examining it microscopically for malignant cells

202
Q

what is one of the first embryonic events of development

A

the formation of the three primary germ layers

203
Q

what are the three primary germ layers from superficial to deep

A

ectoderm,mesoderm, and endoderm

204
Q

what are the three primary germ layers specialize to form the four primary tissues which are

A

epithelium, nervous, connective, and muscle

A&P (14 decks)

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