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A&P > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 8 functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. gas exchanges
  2. communication
    3, olfaction
  3. acid-base balance
  4. blood pressure regulation
  5. blood and lymph flow
  6. blood filtration
  7. expulsion of abdominal contents
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2
Q

describe gas exchange

A

O2 and CO2 exchanged between blood and air

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3
Q

describe how respiration effects communication

A

speech and other vocalizations

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4
Q

describe how respiration effects acid-base balance

A

influences the pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2

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5
Q

describe how respiration effects blood pressure regulation

A

by helping in synthesis of angiotensin 2

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6
Q

describe how respiration effects blood and lymph flow

A

breathing creates pressure gradients between thorax and abdomen that promote flow of lymph and blood

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7
Q

describe how respiration effects blood filtration

A

lungs filter small clots

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8
Q

describe how respiration effects expulsion of abdominal contents

A

breath-holding assists in urination, defecation, and childbirth (Valsalva maneuver)

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9
Q

what is the vaxsalva maneuver

A

breath-holding assisting defecation and child birth

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10
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

a metabolic process in order to make ATP from oxygen

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11
Q

define respiration

A

a term used to refer to ventilation of the lungs (breathing) or use of oxygen in cellular metabolism.

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12
Q

what are the principle organs of the respiratory system

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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13
Q

what is the conducting zone of the respiratory system

A
  1. Includes those passages that serve only for airflow
  2. No gas exchange
  3. Nostrils through major bronchioles
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14
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

Consists of alveoli and other gas exchange regions

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15
Q

what is the upper respiratory tract

A

Nose through larynx

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16
Q

what is the lower respiratory tract

A

organs of the thorax such as the trachea through the lungs

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17
Q

what happens in the conducting zone

A

air just flows through

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18
Q

what happens in the respiratory zone

A

gas exchange occurs

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19
Q

the __ starts the lower respiratory tract

A

trachea

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20
Q

what are the functions of the nose

A
  1. warms cleanses, and humidifies air
  2. detects odors
  3. serves as a resonating chamber that amplifies the voice
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21
Q

what tissue detects odors

A

olfactory epithelium

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22
Q

where does olfactory epithelium reside

A

it covers a small area of the roof of the nasal fossa and adjacent parts of the septum

23
Q

what epithelium is found in the nose

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

24
Q

___ on sensory cells bind odorant molecules

A

Immobile cilia

25
Q

what function do respiratory epithelium serve

A

trap and eliminate inhaled substances

26
Q

where is respiratory epithelium found

A

the rest of the nasal cavity except the vestibule

27
Q

what tissue is found with the respiratory epithelium

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

28
Q

Goblet cells secrete mucus and mobile cilia propel the mucus posteriorly toward __

A

pharynx

29
Q

what does erectile tissue do

A

warms the air

30
Q

where are extensive venous plexus found

A

in the epithelium of inferior concha

31
Q

Every __ minutes, tissue on one side swells with blood

A

30 to 60

32
Q

__ Move the odorants and help bind them to receptors in the olfactory

A

Cilia

33
Q

__ trap particles and the cilia help move them in respiratory

A

Goblets

34
Q

what is the primary function of the larynx

A

to keep food and drink out of the airway

35
Q

in several animals the __ has evolved the additional role of phonation

A

larynx

36
Q

what are the three parts of the interior wall of the larynx

A

superior vestibular folds, inferior vocal cords, and the glottis

37
Q

what does the superior vestibular folds do

A

close the larynx during swallowing and help keep food out of the trachea

38
Q

what do the inferior vocal cords do

A

produce sound when air passes between them

39
Q

what tissue are the inferior vocal cords and their purpose

A

Covered with stratified squamous epithelium suited to endure vibration and contact

40
Q

what is the glottis

A

Collectively, the vocal cords and the opening between them

41
Q

the trachea is __ to the esophagus

A

anterior

42
Q

the trachea is supported by __ C shaped rings of ___

A

16-20, rigid hyaline cartilage

43
Q

what do the rings of cartilage on the trachea do

A

Reinforce trachea and prevent collapse during inhalation

44
Q

the trachea forks at the

A

level of sternal angle

45
Q

define carina

A

internal medial ridge in the lowermost tracheal cartilage that directs the airflow to the right and left

46
Q

the trachea is part of the __ respiratory tract

A

lower

47
Q

what do the gaps in the c rings do

A

allows room for the esophagus to expand as swallowed food passes by, Contracts or relaxes to adjust airflow

48
Q

what is thinner lining of the trachea composed of

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Composed mainly of mucus-secreting cells, ciliated cells, and stem cells

49
Q

what is the mechanism of debris removal in the trachea

A

Mucociliary escalator

50
Q

what is the middle layer of the trachea composed of

A

Connective tissue beneath the tracheal epithelium

Contains lymphatic nodules, mucous and serous glands, and the tracheal cartilages

51
Q

what is the outermost layer of the trachea called

A

Adventitia

52
Q

what is the Adventitia composed of

A

Fibrous connective tissue

53
Q

what are some ways that cilia can be compromised

A

smoking and bronchitis

A&P (14 decks)

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