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BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II > Nervous System Physiology > Flashcards

Nervous System Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

bundles of peripheral nerve fibers held together by several layers of connective tissue

A

nerves

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2
Q

bundles of nerve fibers within the CNS

A

tracts

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3
Q

neurons exhibit both _____ and ______.

A

excitability and conductivity

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4
Q

signals initiated and conducted by neurons

A

nerve impulses

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5
Q

The difference in electrical charge due to excess of (+) ions on the outside of the membrane and an excess of (-) ions on the inside of the membrane

A

membrane potential

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6
Q

The membrane potential maintained by a non-conducting neuron’s plasma membrane

A

resting membrane potential (RMP)

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7
Q

The light excess of (+) ions on a membrane’s outer surface is produced by (2):

A
  1. ion transport mechanisms

2. selective permeability of the membrane

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8
Q

One mechanism that is very important in maintaining the RMP is the ____________.

A

Sodium-potassium pump

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9
Q

an active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) in opposite directions and at different rates

A

sodium-potassium pump

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10
Q

the sodium-potassium pump transports ____ ions out of cells and ____ ions into cells

A

sodium (Na+), potassium (K+)

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11
Q

the sodium-potassium pump changes shape and releases # ____ to the outside of the cell, and attracts # ____ and releases them to the inside of the cell

A

3 Na+, 2 K+

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12
Q

a slight shift away from the RMP in a specific region of the plasma membrane

A

local or graded potentials

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13
Q

ion channels that open in response to a mechanical stimulus or a chemical stimulus located in dendrites and soma

A

stimulus-gated channels

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14
Q

When stimulus triggers the opening of stimulus-gated Na+ channels. More Na+ enters the cell allowing the potential to move towards zero.

A

excitation (depolarization)

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15
Q

When stimulus triggers the opening of stimulus gated K+ channels. More K+ exits the cell allowing the potential to move away from zero.

A

Inhibition (hyperpolarization)

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16
Q

The membrane potential of a neuron that is conducting an impulse; also known as a nerve impulse

A

action potential

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17
Q

A _____ is an all or none response.

A

action potential

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18
Q

Forced recall: Mechanism of the action potential

A
  1. Adequate stimulus triggers stimulus-gated Na+ channels to open, causing Na+ to diffuse rapidly into cell and producing a local depolarization
  2. When threshold potential is reached voltage-gated Na+ channels open. More Na+ enters cell, causing further depolarization
  3. As Na+ enters the cell membrane potential moves rapidly toward 0 mV. It continues in a positve direction until it peaks (30+mv)
  4. voltage gated Na+ channels stay open for 1 ms before they automatically close
  5. Repolarization
  6. K+ channels often remain open as membrane reaches RMP. Possible hyperpolarization may occur.
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19
Q

voltage-gated K+ channels open when threshold is reached, however, they open slowly and do not allow outward diffusion of K+ until peak is reached

A

repolarization

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20
Q

brief period during which a local area of the axon’s membrane resists restimulation

A

refractory period

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21
Q

about 0.5 ms after membrane surpasses threshold potential, it will not respond to any stimulus… no matter how strong

A

absolute refractory period

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22
Q

few ms after absolute refractory period - the time during which the membrane it repolarizing and restoring the RMP. Membrane will only respond to very strong stimuli.

A

relative refractory period

23
Q

Conduction of an action potential: Reversal of _____ from RMP to peak of an action potential causes electrical current to flow between the site of reversal and adjacent regions of membrane

A

polarity

24
Q

During a _________ the refractory period prevents restimulation of previous segments.

A

conduction of an action potential

25
Q

In myelinated fibers electrical changes can only occur at gaps in the myelin sheath known as:

A

Nodes of Ranvier

26
Q

action potential seems to leap from node to node. This is called:

A

Saltatory conduction

27
Q

a place where signals are transmitted from one neuron to another neuron

A

synapse

28
Q

A synapse could also be between a presynaptic neuron and a _____, such as a muscle gland

A

effector

29
Q

The 2 types of synapses are:

A
  • electrical synapse

- chemical synapse

30
Q

cells joined end to end by gap junctions and allow action potential to simply continue along the postsynaptic membrane

A

electrical synapse

31
Q

Presynaptic cell releases a chemical transmitter (neurotransmitters) to the postsynaptic cell

A

chemical synapse

32
Q

a tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron’s axon that contains vesicles housing neurotransmitters

A

synaptic knob

33
Q

a very narrow space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron

A

synaptic cleft

34
Q

Structure of a chemical synapse (3):

A
  • synaptic knob
  • synaptic cleft
  • the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron
35
Q

The axon of a presynaptic neuron may form a synapse at the: ____, ____ , or ____ of another neuron

A

dendrite, soma, axon

36
Q

______ travel the length of an axon and stop at the axon terminals

A

action potentials

37
Q

______ are released from the synaptic knob, cross the synaptic cleft, and bring about a response at the postsynaptic neuron

A

neurotransmitters

38
Q

______ neurotransmitters depolarize the postsynaptic membrane

A

excitatory

39
Q

_____ neurotransmitters hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane

A

inhibitory

40
Q

Lots of terminal knobs synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron. One single synapse is not enough to generate an action potential, but the combined effects of multiple synapses can

A

summation of nerve transmission

41
Q

2 main types of summation:

A
  • spatial summation

- temporal summation

42
Q

combined effects of several presynaptic knobs stimulating different locations on the postsynaptic membrane at the same time to produce an action potential

A

spatial summation

43
Q

synaptic knobs stimulate a postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession, their effects add up over a brief period of time to produce an action potential

A

temporal summation

44
Q

The means by which most neurons communicate. They act to facilitate, stimulate, or inhibit postsynaptic neurons and effector cells.

A

neurotransmitters

45
Q

______ are classified by function or chemical structure

A

neurotransmitters

46
Q

The function of a neurotransmitter is determined by the _______ receptor.

A

postsynaptic

47
Q

The 2 major functional classifications of neurotransmitters:

A
  • excitatory neurotransmitters

- inhibitory neurotransmitters

48
Q

2 main groups of classification by chemical structure for neurotransmitters are:

A
  • small molecule transmitters

- large molecule transmitters

49
Q

acetylcholine (can be excitatory or inhibitory) is classified as what type of transmitter?

A

Class I

small molecule transmitter

50
Q

Amines: monamine (serotonin, histamine) , catechlamine (dopamine, epinephrine, and norephrine) are classified as what type of transmitter?

A

Class II

small molecule transmitters

51
Q

Amino acids (glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid) are classified as what type of transmitter?

A

Class III

small molecule transmitters

52
Q

Nitric oxide are classified as what type of transmitter?

A

Class IV

small molecule transmitters

53
Q

neuropeptides - enkephalins, endorphins, substance P are classified as what type of transmitter?

A

large molecule transmitters

BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II (25 decks)

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