Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

6 basic processes of the digestive system:

A
  • ingestion
  • secretion
  • mixing and propulsion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • defecation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

taking in food and liquid

A

ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

______ of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes

A

secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

alternating contractions and relaxation of smooth muscle

A

mixing and propulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mechanical and chemical processes to break down ingested food into small molecules

2 types: mechanical and chemical

A

digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

entrance of ingested and secreted fluids, ions, and products of digestion into epithelial cells lining the lumen of the GI tract

A

absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract consists of (4):

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lower gastrointestinal (GI) tact consists of (2):

A
  • small intestines

- large intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

accessory organs of the digestive system (7):

A
  • salivary glands
  • tongue
  • teeth
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • vermiform appendix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the 4 layers of GI tract tissues:

A
  • an epithelial/mucous lining (innermost layer)
  • a submucous layer of connective tissue (contains glands, parasympathetic nerves, and blood vessels)
  • a muscular layer
  • fibroserous layer (includes mesentery)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a fold in the peritoneum that attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen

A

mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the stomach has # layers of smooth muscle in the muscular layer

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the small intestine has _____ in the inner-most mucosal layer, which function to increase surface area

A

villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the following 7 structures form the mouth:

A
  • lips
  • cheeks
  • tongue
  • hard palate
  • soft palate: uvula
  • salivary glands
  • teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 functions of the lips:

A
  • keep food in the mouth while being chewed
  • help to sense temperature and texture of food before in enters the mouth
  • needed to form many speech sounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 functions of the cheeks:

A
  • lateral boundaries of the oral cavity (keeps food between the teeth)
  • lined by mucous membrane
  • contain mucous-secreting glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the roof of the mouth

A

hard and soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the _______ consists of portions of 4 bones (2 maxillae and 2 palatines)

A

hard palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the ______ is composed of muscle arranged in the shape of an arch

A

soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hangs down from the soft palate arch in the midline; it rises during swallowing to close off the nasopharynx from the food

A

uvula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the tongue consists of (4):

A
  • extrinsic tongue muscles
  • intrinsic muscles
  • taste buds
  • lingual glands that secrete lipase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the 4 functions of the salivary glands:

A
  • secrete saliva
  • soften, moisten, and dissolves food
  • cleanses the mouth
  • salivary amylase splits starch into smaller fragments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

______ is the first of the digestive juices to contact food

A

saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

salivary glands located near the ear underlying the masseter muscle

A

parotid glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

salivary glands located on the floor of the mouth just under the mandibles

A

submandibular glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

salivary glands located on the floor of the mouth; ducts enter beneath the tongue

A

sublingual glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

teeth are made up of 4 types of connective tissue:

A
  • pulp
  • dentin
  • cementum
  • enamel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

act of swallowing

  • facilitated by saliva
  • involves mouth, pharynx, and esophagus
  • occurs in 3 stages: oral, pharyngeal, esophageal
A

deglutition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

rounded mass of food is called a:

A

bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

only the terminal part of the _____ is involved in digestion

A

pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

collapsible muscular tube about 25 cm long

begins at the inferior aspect of the neck and enters the mediastinum anterior to the vertebral column

pierces the diaphragm through an opening called the esophageal hiatus

A

esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the esophagus contains 2 sphincters:

A
  • upper esophageal sphincter: skeletal muscle

- lower esophageal sphincter: smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

condition where the stomach protrudes up through the esophageal hiatus, above the diaphragm

effects 15% of population, but is usually asymptomatic

A

hiatal hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

organ that lies just below the liver and disphragm

it is an enlargement of the GI tube

size varies according to several factors, and usually holds up to 1-1.5 liters

A

the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the 3 divisions of the stomach:

A
  • fundus: enlarged main upper portion
  • body: the large middle portion
  • pylorus: the lower part
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

_______ regulate passage of material at both stomach openings

controls outlets of pyloric portion of stomach into duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

37
Q

disease where the backward flow of stomach acid up through the lower esophageal sphincter and into the lower part of the esophagus

often causes a painful sensation called heartburn

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

38
Q

4 layers of stomach wall tissue:

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
39
Q

thick stomach wall layer of simple columnar epithelium lining the stomach cavity

  • designed for the production of digestive acids and enzymes
  • epithelial lining has rugae marked by gastric pits (deep clefts increase the stomach’s surface area)
  • contains gastric glands that secrete most of the gastric juices
A

stomach wall layer: mucosa

40
Q

cells that secrete enzymes of gastric juice

A

chief cells

41
Q

cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and produce intrinsic factor needed for vitmin B12 absorption in small intestine

A

parietal cells

42
Q

cells that secrete:

ghrelin, a hormone that stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete growth hormone and increase appetite

gastrin, influences digestive functions

A

endocrine cells

43
Q

stomach wall layer comprised of fibrous connective tissue to support the mucosal layer

A

submucosa

44
Q

stomach wall layer than contains 3 layers of smooth muscle arranged in a crisscrossing pattern

allows the stomach to contract at many angles

A

muscularis layer

45
Q

the 3 smooth muscle layers of muscularis stomach wall:

A
  • longitudinal layer
  • circular layer
  • oblique layer
46
Q

similar to gyri of the brain

A

rugae

47
Q

stomach wall layer that is the outer covering of the stomach

  • secretes serous fluid
  • contains blood vessels and nerve endings
A

serosa layer

48
Q

6 functions of the stomach:

A
  • food reservoir
  • secretes gastric juices
  • churns food
  • secretes intrinsic factor
  • performs limited amount of absorption
  • produces gastrin and ghrelin
49
Q

small bowel 1 inch in diameter and approx. 6-8 meters, fills most of the abdominal cavity

responsible for the major absorption of nutrients and water

A

small intestine

50
Q

the small intestine consists of 3 divisions, beginning at the pylorus and ending at the ileocecal valve

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
51
Q

means “12 fingerbreadths” - refers to the short length

  • uppermost division, attaches to the pyloric end of the stomach
A

duodenum

52
Q

second part of small intestine, means “empty”; 8 ft long

A

jejunum

53
Q

third part of the small intestine, means “twisted”; 12 feet long

A

ileum

54
Q

wall of the _________:

  • lining has circular plicae (folds) that have many tiny projections called villi
  • villi are fingerlike projections of mucosa
  • each villus contains an arteriole, venule, and lymph vessel
A

small intestine

55
Q

the presence of _____ increases the surface area of the small intestine, making it the main site of digestion and absorption

A

villi

56
Q

folds in the small intestine

A

plicae

57
Q

5-6ft long and 2.5 in. diameter

designed only for absorption of water

extends from cecum to the rectum and has 3 divisions

A

large intestine (colon)

58
Q

the 3 divisions of the large intestine:

A
  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
59
Q

1st 5-8 cm of large intestine

  • blind pouch in lower right quadrant of abdomen
  • receives chyme from terminal ileum
  • guarded by a fold of mucosa called the ileocecal valve preventing fecal backflow into the small intestine
  • vermiform appendix is attached to the tip of this part
A

cecum

60
Q

semifluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach into the duodenum and moves through the intestines during digestion

A

chyme

61
Q

4 divisions of colon:

A
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
62
Q
  • last 7-8 inches of the intestinal tube
  • terminal inch is the anal canal with opening called the anus
  • guarded by the anal sphincter
  • these muscles prevent incontinence
A

rectum

63
Q

external sphincter of the rectum is _____, an made up of skeletal muscle

A

voluntary

64
Q

internal sphincter of the rectum is _____, comprised from smooth muscle under ANS control.

A

involuntary

65
Q

the wall of the large intestine does not contain _____, as in the small intestine

A

villi

66
Q

_______ produce lubricating mucus that coats feces as they are formed

A

intestinal mucous glands

67
Q

a wormlike, tubular organ 3-4 inches in length, found just behind the cecum

  • functions are not fully understood
A

vermiform appendix

68
Q

large continuous sheet of serous membrane

  • lines the walls of the entire abdominal cavity and forms the serous outer coat of the organs
  • forms the mesentery
  • includes greater and lesser omentum
A

peritoneum

69
Q

the largest gland in the body

  • weighs 3-4 pounds and lies under diaphragm
  • consists of 2 lobes: L and R
A

liver

70
Q

the anatomical units of the liver, are tiny hexogonal or pentagonal cylinders

A

hepatic lobules

71
Q

the 6 functions of the liver:

A
  • detoxification of certain substances
  • breaks down and removes old red blood cells, recycling the iron from hemaglobin
  • secretes about on pint of bile per day
  • important role in metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbs
  • storage of iron, vitamin A, vitamin B12, and Vitamin D
  • produces important plasma proteins and serves as a site for blood cell production during fetal deelopment
72
Q

a pear shaped sac 3-4 inches long that lies on the undersurface of the liver

  • stores bile that enters by way of hepatic and cystic ducts
  • concentrates bile (5-10x)
  • during digestion, contracts and ejects bile into duodenum
A

gallbladder

73
Q

gallstones may form causing inflammation of the gallbladder =

A

cholecystitis

74
Q

results when bile is obstructed from entering the duodenum, bile is store in the blood and a yellow hue enters the blood and is stored in tissues

A

jaundice

75
Q

a grayish-pink colored gland 6-9 inches in length located in C shaped curve of duodenum

composed of 2 different types of glandular tissue: exocrine and endocrine

A

pancreas

76
Q

between exocrine units in the pancreas lie clusters of endocrine cells called ________.

A

pancreatic islets

77
Q

3 functions of the pancreas:

A
  • secretes digestive enzymes
  • beta cells secrete insulin, a hormone that exerts a major control over carbohydrate metabolism
  • alpha cells secrete glucagon
78
Q

primary function of the digestive system

A

bring essential nutrients into internal environment so nutrients are available to each cell of the body

79
Q

______ digestion:

  • change ingested food from large particles into minute particles, facilitating chemical digestion
  • churn contents of GI lumen to mix with digestive juices and come in contact with the surface of the intestinal mucosa, facilitating absorption
  • propel food along the alimentary tract, ultimately eliminating digestive waste from the body
A

mechanical digestion

80
Q

3 processes that aid in mechanical digestion:

A
  • mastication
  • deglutition
  • peristalsis and segmentation
81
Q

2 main types of motility produced by smooth muscle of GI tract; can occur together, in an alternating fashion

A

peristalsis and segmentation

82
Q

wavelike ripple of the muscle layer of a hollow organ; progressive motility that produces forward movement of matter along the GI tract

A

peristalsis

83
Q

mixing movement

- digestive reflexes cause a forward and backward movement with a single segment of the GI tract

A

segmentation

84
Q

regulation of motility: emptying the stomach takes #-# hours

chyme is ejected about every # seconds into duodenum

A

2-6 hours

20 seconds

85
Q

_______ includes both peristalsis and segmentation

  • mixes chyme with digestive juice from pancreas, liver, and intestinal mucosa
  • chyme takes about 5-6 hours to pass through small intestine
A

intestinal motility

86
Q

________ digestion:

  • changes in chemical composition of food as it travels through the digestive tract
  • hydrolysis
  • numerous enzymes in the various digestive juice catalyze the hydrolysis of foods
A

chemical digestion

87
Q

a chemical process in which a compound unites with water and then splits into simpler compounds

A

hydrolysis

88
Q

undigested compounds, bacteria, pigments, water, and mucus

A

feces

BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions