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BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

6 basic processes of the digestive system:

A
  • ingestion
  • secretion
  • mixing and propulsion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • defecation
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2
Q

taking in food and liquid

A

ingestion

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3
Q

______ of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes

A

secretion

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4
Q

alternating contractions and relaxation of smooth muscle

A

mixing and propulsion

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5
Q

mechanical and chemical processes to break down ingested food into small molecules

2 types: mechanical and chemical

A

digestion

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6
Q

entrance of ingested and secreted fluids, ions, and products of digestion into epithelial cells lining the lumen of the GI tract

A

absorption

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7
Q

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract consists of (4):

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
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8
Q

Lower gastrointestinal (GI) tact consists of (2):

A
  • small intestines

- large intestines

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9
Q

accessory organs of the digestive system (7):

A
  • salivary glands
  • tongue
  • teeth
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • vermiform appendix
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10
Q

the 4 layers of GI tract tissues:

A
  • an epithelial/mucous lining (innermost layer)
  • a submucous layer of connective tissue (contains glands, parasympathetic nerves, and blood vessels)
  • a muscular layer
  • fibroserous layer (includes mesentery)
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11
Q

a fold in the peritoneum that attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen

A

mesentery

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12
Q

the stomach has # layers of smooth muscle in the muscular layer

A

3

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13
Q

the small intestine has _____ in the inner-most mucosal layer, which function to increase surface area

A

villi

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14
Q

the following 7 structures form the mouth:

A
  • lips
  • cheeks
  • tongue
  • hard palate
  • soft palate: uvula
  • salivary glands
  • teeth
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15
Q

3 functions of the lips:

A
  • keep food in the mouth while being chewed
  • help to sense temperature and texture of food before in enters the mouth
  • needed to form many speech sounds
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16
Q

3 functions of the cheeks:

A
  • lateral boundaries of the oral cavity (keeps food between the teeth)
  • lined by mucous membrane
  • contain mucous-secreting glands
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17
Q

the roof of the mouth

A

hard and soft palate

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18
Q

the _______ consists of portions of 4 bones (2 maxillae and 2 palatines)

A

hard palate

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19
Q

the ______ is composed of muscle arranged in the shape of an arch

A

soft palate

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20
Q

hangs down from the soft palate arch in the midline; it rises during swallowing to close off the nasopharynx from the food

A

uvula

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21
Q

the tongue consists of (4):

A
  • extrinsic tongue muscles
  • intrinsic muscles
  • taste buds
  • lingual glands that secrete lipase
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22
Q

the 4 functions of the salivary glands:

A
  • secrete saliva
  • soften, moisten, and dissolves food
  • cleanses the mouth
  • salivary amylase splits starch into smaller fragments
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23
Q

______ is the first of the digestive juices to contact food

A

saliva

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24
Q

salivary glands located near the ear underlying the masseter muscle

A

parotid glands

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25
Q

salivary glands located on the floor of the mouth just under the mandibles

A

submandibular glands

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26
Q

salivary glands located on the floor of the mouth; ducts enter beneath the tongue

A

sublingual glands

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27
Q

teeth are made up of 4 types of connective tissue:

A
  • pulp
  • dentin
  • cementum
  • enamel
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28
Q

act of swallowing

  • facilitated by saliva
  • involves mouth, pharynx, and esophagus
  • occurs in 3 stages: oral, pharyngeal, esophageal
A

deglutition

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29
Q

rounded mass of food is called a:

A

bolus

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30
Q

only the terminal part of the _____ is involved in digestion

A

pharynx

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31
Q

collapsible muscular tube about 25 cm long

begins at the inferior aspect of the neck and enters the mediastinum anterior to the vertebral column

pierces the diaphragm through an opening called the esophageal hiatus

A

esophagus

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32
Q

the esophagus contains 2 sphincters:

A
  • upper esophageal sphincter: skeletal muscle

- lower esophageal sphincter: smooth muscle

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33
Q

condition where the stomach protrudes up through the esophageal hiatus, above the diaphragm

effects 15% of population, but is usually asymptomatic

A

hiatal hernia

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34
Q

organ that lies just below the liver and disphragm

it is an enlargement of the GI tube

size varies according to several factors, and usually holds up to 1-1.5 liters

A

the stomach

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35
Q

the 3 divisions of the stomach:

A
  • fundus: enlarged main upper portion
  • body: the large middle portion
  • pylorus: the lower part
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36
Q

_______ regulate passage of material at both stomach openings

controls outlets of pyloric portion of stomach into duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

37
Q

disease where the backward flow of stomach acid up through the lower esophageal sphincter and into the lower part of the esophagus

often causes a painful sensation called heartburn

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

38
Q

4 layers of stomach wall tissue:

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
39
Q

thick stomach wall layer of simple columnar epithelium lining the stomach cavity

  • designed for the production of digestive acids and enzymes
  • epithelial lining has rugae marked by gastric pits (deep clefts increase the stomach’s surface area)
  • contains gastric glands that secrete most of the gastric juices
A

stomach wall layer: mucosa

40
Q

cells that secrete enzymes of gastric juice

A

chief cells

41
Q

cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and produce intrinsic factor needed for vitmin B12 absorption in small intestine

A

parietal cells

42
Q

cells that secrete:

ghrelin, a hormone that stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete growth hormone and increase appetite

gastrin, influences digestive functions

A

endocrine cells

43
Q

stomach wall layer comprised of fibrous connective tissue to support the mucosal layer

44
Q

stomach wall layer than contains 3 layers of smooth muscle arranged in a crisscrossing pattern

allows the stomach to contract at many angles

A

muscularis layer

45
Q

the 3 smooth muscle layers of muscularis stomach wall:

A
  • longitudinal layer
  • circular layer
  • oblique layer
46
Q

similar to gyri of the brain

47
Q

stomach wall layer that is the outer covering of the stomach

  • secretes serous fluid
  • contains blood vessels and nerve endings
A

serosa layer

48
Q

6 functions of the stomach:

A
  • food reservoir
  • secretes gastric juices
  • churns food
  • secretes intrinsic factor
  • performs limited amount of absorption
  • produces gastrin and ghrelin
49
Q

small bowel 1 inch in diameter and approx. 6-8 meters, fills most of the abdominal cavity

responsible for the major absorption of nutrients and water

A

small intestine

50
Q

the small intestine consists of 3 divisions, beginning at the pylorus and ending at the ileocecal valve

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
51
Q

means “12 fingerbreadths” - refers to the short length

  • uppermost division, attaches to the pyloric end of the stomach
52
Q

second part of small intestine, means “empty”; 8 ft long

53
Q

third part of the small intestine, means “twisted”; 12 feet long

54
Q

wall of the _________:

  • lining has circular plicae (folds) that have many tiny projections called villi
  • villi are fingerlike projections of mucosa
  • each villus contains an arteriole, venule, and lymph vessel
A

small intestine

55
Q

the presence of _____ increases the surface area of the small intestine, making it the main site of digestion and absorption

56
Q

folds in the small intestine

57
Q

5-6ft long and 2.5 in. diameter

designed only for absorption of water

extends from cecum to the rectum and has 3 divisions

A

large intestine (colon)

58
Q

the 3 divisions of the large intestine:

A
  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
59
Q

1st 5-8 cm of large intestine

  • blind pouch in lower right quadrant of abdomen
  • receives chyme from terminal ileum
  • guarded by a fold of mucosa called the ileocecal valve preventing fecal backflow into the small intestine
  • vermiform appendix is attached to the tip of this part
60
Q

semifluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach into the duodenum and moves through the intestines during digestion

61
Q

4 divisions of colon:

A
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
62
Q
  • last 7-8 inches of the intestinal tube
  • terminal inch is the anal canal with opening called the anus
  • guarded by the anal sphincter
  • these muscles prevent incontinence
63
Q

external sphincter of the rectum is _____, an made up of skeletal muscle

64
Q

internal sphincter of the rectum is _____, comprised from smooth muscle under ANS control.

A

involuntary

65
Q

the wall of the large intestine does not contain _____, as in the small intestine

66
Q

_______ produce lubricating mucus that coats feces as they are formed

A

intestinal mucous glands

67
Q

a wormlike, tubular organ 3-4 inches in length, found just behind the cecum

  • functions are not fully understood
A

vermiform appendix

68
Q

large continuous sheet of serous membrane

  • lines the walls of the entire abdominal cavity and forms the serous outer coat of the organs
  • forms the mesentery
  • includes greater and lesser omentum
A

peritoneum

69
Q

the largest gland in the body

  • weighs 3-4 pounds and lies under diaphragm
  • consists of 2 lobes: L and R
70
Q

the anatomical units of the liver, are tiny hexogonal or pentagonal cylinders

A

hepatic lobules

71
Q

the 6 functions of the liver:

A
  • detoxification of certain substances
  • breaks down and removes old red blood cells, recycling the iron from hemaglobin
  • secretes about on pint of bile per day
  • important role in metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbs
  • storage of iron, vitamin A, vitamin B12, and Vitamin D
  • produces important plasma proteins and serves as a site for blood cell production during fetal deelopment
72
Q

a pear shaped sac 3-4 inches long that lies on the undersurface of the liver

  • stores bile that enters by way of hepatic and cystic ducts
  • concentrates bile (5-10x)
  • during digestion, contracts and ejects bile into duodenum
A

gallbladder

73
Q

gallstones may form causing inflammation of the gallbladder =

A

cholecystitis

74
Q

results when bile is obstructed from entering the duodenum, bile is store in the blood and a yellow hue enters the blood and is stored in tissues

75
Q

a grayish-pink colored gland 6-9 inches in length located in C shaped curve of duodenum

composed of 2 different types of glandular tissue: exocrine and endocrine

76
Q

between exocrine units in the pancreas lie clusters of endocrine cells called ________.

A

pancreatic islets

77
Q

3 functions of the pancreas:

A
  • secretes digestive enzymes
  • beta cells secrete insulin, a hormone that exerts a major control over carbohydrate metabolism
  • alpha cells secrete glucagon
78
Q

primary function of the digestive system

A

bring essential nutrients into internal environment so nutrients are available to each cell of the body

79
Q

______ digestion:

  • change ingested food from large particles into minute particles, facilitating chemical digestion
  • churn contents of GI lumen to mix with digestive juices and come in contact with the surface of the intestinal mucosa, facilitating absorption
  • propel food along the alimentary tract, ultimately eliminating digestive waste from the body
A

mechanical digestion

80
Q

3 processes that aid in mechanical digestion:

A
  • mastication
  • deglutition
  • peristalsis and segmentation
81
Q

2 main types of motility produced by smooth muscle of GI tract; can occur together, in an alternating fashion

A

peristalsis and segmentation

82
Q

wavelike ripple of the muscle layer of a hollow organ; progressive motility that produces forward movement of matter along the GI tract

A

peristalsis

83
Q

mixing movement

- digestive reflexes cause a forward and backward movement with a single segment of the GI tract

A

segmentation

84
Q

regulation of motility: emptying the stomach takes #-# hours

chyme is ejected about every # seconds into duodenum

A

2-6 hours

20 seconds

85
Q

_______ includes both peristalsis and segmentation

  • mixes chyme with digestive juice from pancreas, liver, and intestinal mucosa
  • chyme takes about 5-6 hours to pass through small intestine
A

intestinal motility

86
Q

________ digestion:

  • changes in chemical composition of food as it travels through the digestive tract
  • hydrolysis
  • numerous enzymes in the various digestive juice catalyze the hydrolysis of foods
A

chemical digestion

87
Q

a chemical process in which a compound unites with water and then splits into simpler compounds

A

hydrolysis

88
Q

undigested compounds, bacteria, pigments, water, and mucus

BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II (25 decks)

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