Blood Flashcards
liquid connective tissue made up of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
blood
various kinds of blood cells that are normally present in blood: RBCs, WBCs, platelets
formed elements
3 general functions of blood
- transportation - regulation - protection
a watery extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances
plasma
formed elements make up __% of total blood volume
45%
about 8% of total body weight in average-sized adults - varies according to age, body type, sex, and method of measurement
blood volume
blood volume: females = males =
females = 4-5 liters males = 5-6 liters
term used to describe the volume percent of RBCs in whole blood
hematocrit
_____ = whole blood - formed elements
plasma
the liquid part of blood; clear, straw-colored fluid; made up of 90% water and 10% solutes. places an essential role in maintaining normal circulation
blood plasma
solutes: 6-8% of plasma solutes are proteins, consisting of 3 main compounds
- albumins: help maintain osmotic balance of blood - globulins: essential component of the immunity mechanism - fibrinogen: key role in blood clotting
the red protein pigment that is primary component in RBCs
hemoglobin
RBCs consist of:
- biconcave discs - hemoglobin
____ are the most numerous of formed elements
RBCs
function of RBCs:
- critical role in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
each hemoglobin molecule is made up of _#_ protein chains
4
the hemoglobin _____ allows the molecule to attach with 4 oxygen molecule which allows RBCs to transport oxygen where needed.
structure
there are aprox _#_ - _#_ million molecules of hemoglobin within each RBC
200 - 300 million
- means lack of blood - used to describe a reduction in the number or volume of functional RBCs in a given unit of whole blood
anemia
the entire process of RBC formation - begins in red bone marrow with hematopoietic stem cells that go through several stages of development to become erythrocytes
erythropoiesis
the entire maturation process of RBC formation requires about _#_ days
4
all blood cells are derived from
hematopoietic stem cells
red blood cells are formed and destroyed at a rate of about _#_ million per minute in an adult
100 million
RBC production ___ if blood oxygen levels reaching the tissues decrease
speeds up
______ increases RBC numbers by increasing the secretion of a hormone named EPO (erythropoietin)
oxygen deficiency
- athletes employ transfusions of their own blood to improve performance - intended to increase oxygen delivery to muscles
blood doping
blood doping can be dangerous and can:
- increase the viscosity of blood - slow circulation and peripheral oxygenation - increase BP
The lifespan of circulating RBC averages __#__ to __#__ days
105 - 120 days
____ is returned to the bone marrow for use in synthesis of new hemoglobin
iron
refers to the type of cell marker or antigens present on RBC membranes
blood types
them most important antigens are:
A and B
Type O is known as the
universal donor
There are _#_ types of leukocytes, They are classified according to the presence or absence of granules and the staining quality of their cytoplasm
5
include the 3 WBCs that have large granules in their cytoplasm
granular
include the 2 WBCs without cytoplasmic granules
agranular
the 5 types of WBCs Never Eat Bananas Like Monkeys
- Neutrophils - Eosinophils - Basophils - Lymphocytes - Monocytes
once ____ leave the blood stream to deal with tissue damage, they do not return to circulation. _____ continually recirculate
- granular leukocytes - lymphocytes
- make up aprox 65% of the total WBC count in normal blood sample - active phagocytic cells - migrate out of blood vessels and enter the tissue space - they are early responders to tissue damage. they release bacteria, ad oxidants that exhibit a broad range of antibiotic activity
neutrophils
- typically account for 2%-5% of circulating WBCs - weak phagocytes, but are capable of ingesting antigen-antibody complexes - provide protection against infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions
eosinophils
- the least numerous of WBCs they only account for 0.5% - 1% of the total WBC count - granules of these WBCs intensify inflammation during allergic reactions by releasing histamine, heparin, and serotonin
basophils
- these are the smallest of the WBCs - they are the second most numerous type of WBC next to neutrophils - account for approx. 25% of circulating WBCs - 3 types: T, B, and natural killers
lymphocytes
- the largest type of leukocyte - migrate from the blood into the tissues where they enlarge and differentiate into macrophages - mobile and highly phagocytic cells - capable of engulfing large bacterial organisms and viral-infected cells
monocytes
a microliter of blood usually contains ___ to ___ leukocytes
5,000 to 10,000
____ numbers have clinical significance because they change with certain abnormal conditions
WBC
an increase in WBC count > 10,000/microliter is the normal response to invading microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia, and surgery
leukocytosis
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and a few lymphocytes and monocytes originate in _______.
red bone marrow
most lymphocytes and monocytes develop from ____.
hemopoietic stem cells in lymphatic tissue
3 important physical properties of platelets are:
- agglutination - adhesiveness - aggregation
a reaction in which particles suspended in liquid collect into clumps and which occurs especially to a specific antibody
agglutination
involves clumping of platelets (w/o presence of antibodies)
aggregation
refers to the stoppage of blood flow and may occur as an end result of nay one of several body defense mechanisms. Plays role in reducing infection risk
hemostasis
3 mechanisms to reduce blood loss:
- vascular spasms - platelet plug formation - coagulation
function of platelets:
- plays role in hemostasis and blood coagulation - adhere to damaged lining of vessel and to each other to form a hemostatic platelet plug that helps stop the flow of blood into the tissues
formation of platelets
thrombopoiesis
platelets are formed in _____, ___, and____.
red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen
formation and life span of platelets is typically _#_ - _#_ days
7 - 10 days
when necessary formed elements of blood become trapped in a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin
blood clotting or coagulation
if blood clots too easily
thrombosis
if blood takes too long to clot
hemorrhage
production of prothrombinase activated by the following pathways: - extrinsic pathway - intrinsic pathway
stage 1 of coagulation
conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
stage 2 of coagulation
conversion of fibrinogen to the fibrin and production of fibrin clot
stage 3 of coagulation
- perfectly smooth surface of an intact blood vessel is opposed to clotting - platelets won’t adhere to such a smooth surface - blood contains antithrombins which are substances that oppose or inactivate thrombin; prevent thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin
conditions that oppose clotting
- rough spots in the endothelium - abnormally slow blood flow
conditions that hasten clotting
