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BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

liquid connective tissue made up of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)

A

blood

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2
Q

various kinds of blood cells that are normally present in blood: RBCs, WBCs, platelets

A

formed elements

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3
Q

3 general functions of blood

A
  • transportation - regulation - protection
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4
Q

a watery extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances

A

plasma

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5
Q

formed elements make up __% of total blood volume

A

45%

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6
Q

about 8% of total body weight in average-sized adults - varies according to age, body type, sex, and method of measurement

A

blood volume

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7
Q

blood volume: females = males =

A

females = 4-5 liters males = 5-6 liters

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8
Q

term used to describe the volume percent of RBCs in whole blood

A

hematocrit

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9
Q

_____ = whole blood - formed elements

A

plasma

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10
Q

the liquid part of blood; clear, straw-colored fluid; made up of 90% water and 10% solutes. places an essential role in maintaining normal circulation

A

blood plasma

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11
Q

solutes: 6-8% of plasma solutes are proteins, consisting of 3 main compounds

A
  • albumins: help maintain osmotic balance of blood - globulins: essential component of the immunity mechanism - fibrinogen: key role in blood clotting
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12
Q

the red protein pigment that is primary component in RBCs

A

hemoglobin

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13
Q

RBCs consist of:

A
  • biconcave discs - hemoglobin
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14
Q

____ are the most numerous of formed elements

A

RBCs

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15
Q

function of RBCs:

A
  • critical role in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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16
Q

each hemoglobin molecule is made up of _#_ protein chains

A

4

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17
Q

the hemoglobin _____ allows the molecule to attach with 4 oxygen molecule which allows RBCs to transport oxygen where needed.

A

structure

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18
Q

there are aprox _#_ - _#_ million molecules of hemoglobin within each RBC

A

200 - 300 million

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19
Q
  • means lack of blood - used to describe a reduction in the number or volume of functional RBCs in a given unit of whole blood
A

anemia

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20
Q

the entire process of RBC formation - begins in red bone marrow with hematopoietic stem cells that go through several stages of development to become erythrocytes

A

erythropoiesis

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21
Q

the entire maturation process of RBC formation requires about _#_ days

A

4

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22
Q

all blood cells are derived from

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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23
Q

red blood cells are formed and destroyed at a rate of about _#_ million per minute in an adult

A

100 million

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24
Q

RBC production ___ if blood oxygen levels reaching the tissues decrease

A

speeds up

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25
Q

______ increases RBC numbers by increasing the secretion of a hormone named EPO (erythropoietin)

A

oxygen deficiency

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26
Q
  • athletes employ transfusions of their own blood to improve performance - intended to increase oxygen delivery to muscles
A

blood doping

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27
Q

blood doping can be dangerous and can:

A
  • increase the viscosity of blood - slow circulation and peripheral oxygenation - increase BP
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28
Q

The lifespan of circulating RBC averages __#__ to __#__ days

A

105 - 120 days

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29
Q

____ is returned to the bone marrow for use in synthesis of new hemoglobin

A

iron

30
Q

refers to the type of cell marker or antigens present on RBC membranes

A

blood types

31
Q

them most important antigens are:

A

A and B

32
Q

Type O is known as the

A

universal donor

33
Q

There are _#_ types of leukocytes, They are classified according to the presence or absence of granules and the staining quality of their cytoplasm

A

5

34
Q

include the 3 WBCs that have large granules in their cytoplasm

A

granular

35
Q

include the 2 WBCs without cytoplasmic granules

A

agranular

36
Q

the 5 types of WBCs Never Eat Bananas Like Monkeys

A
  • Neutrophils - Eosinophils - Basophils - Lymphocytes - Monocytes
37
Q

once ____ leave the blood stream to deal with tissue damage, they do not return to circulation. _____ continually recirculate

A
  • granular leukocytes - lymphocytes
38
Q
  • make up aprox 65% of the total WBC count in normal blood sample - active phagocytic cells - migrate out of blood vessels and enter the tissue space - they are early responders to tissue damage. they release bacteria, ad oxidants that exhibit a broad range of antibiotic activity
A

neutrophils

39
Q
  • typically account for 2%-5% of circulating WBCs - weak phagocytes, but are capable of ingesting antigen-antibody complexes - provide protection against infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions
A

eosinophils

40
Q
  • the least numerous of WBCs they only account for 0.5% - 1% of the total WBC count - granules of these WBCs intensify inflammation during allergic reactions by releasing histamine, heparin, and serotonin
A

basophils

41
Q
  • these are the smallest of the WBCs - they are the second most numerous type of WBC next to neutrophils - account for approx. 25% of circulating WBCs - 3 types: T, B, and natural killers
A

lymphocytes

42
Q
  • the largest type of leukocyte - migrate from the blood into the tissues where they enlarge and differentiate into macrophages - mobile and highly phagocytic cells - capable of engulfing large bacterial organisms and viral-infected cells
A

monocytes

43
Q

a microliter of blood usually contains ___ to ___ leukocytes

A

5,000 to 10,000

44
Q

____ numbers have clinical significance because they change with certain abnormal conditions

A

WBC

45
Q

an increase in WBC count > 10,000/microliter is the normal response to invading microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia, and surgery

A

leukocytosis

46
Q

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and a few lymphocytes and monocytes originate in _______.

A

red bone marrow

47
Q

most lymphocytes and monocytes develop from ____.

A

hemopoietic stem cells in lymphatic tissue

48
Q

3 important physical properties of platelets are:

A
  • agglutination - adhesiveness - aggregation
49
Q

a reaction in which particles suspended in liquid collect into clumps and which occurs especially to a specific antibody

A

agglutination

50
Q

involves clumping of platelets (w/o presence of antibodies)

A

aggregation

51
Q

refers to the stoppage of blood flow and may occur as an end result of nay one of several body defense mechanisms. Plays role in reducing infection risk

A

hemostasis

52
Q

3 mechanisms to reduce blood loss:

A
  • vascular spasms - platelet plug formation - coagulation
53
Q

function of platelets:

A
  • plays role in hemostasis and blood coagulation - adhere to damaged lining of vessel and to each other to form a hemostatic platelet plug that helps stop the flow of blood into the tissues
54
Q

formation of platelets

A

thrombopoiesis

55
Q

platelets are formed in _____, ___, and____.

A

red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen

56
Q

formation and life span of platelets is typically _#_ - _#_ days

A

7 - 10 days

57
Q

when necessary formed elements of blood become trapped in a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin

A

blood clotting or coagulation

58
Q

if blood clots too easily

A

thrombosis

59
Q

if blood takes too long to clot

A

hemorrhage

60
Q

production of prothrombinase activated by the following pathways: - extrinsic pathway - intrinsic pathway

A

stage 1 of coagulation

61
Q

conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

A

stage 2 of coagulation

62
Q

conversion of fibrinogen to the fibrin and production of fibrin clot

A

stage 3 of coagulation

63
Q
  • perfectly smooth surface of an intact blood vessel is opposed to clotting - platelets won’t adhere to such a smooth surface - blood contains antithrombins which are substances that oppose or inactivate thrombin; prevent thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin
A

conditions that oppose clotting

64
Q
  • rough spots in the endothelium - abnormally slow blood flow
A

conditions that hasten clotting

65
Q
A
66
Q
A
67
Q
A
68
Q
A
69
Q
A
70
Q
A

BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II (25 decks)

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