Anatomy of the Heart Flashcards
The adult heart pumps about _#_ quarts of blood each minute throughout the body - aprox. 2,000 gallons of blood/day
5
The heart is located posterior to sternum in ________. 2/3 of the heart is left of midline, 1/3 is right of midline.
mediastinum
an anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from the first rib to the diaphragm, and between the lungs.
mediastinum
The upper border of heart is just below the ___ rib. The lower border of the diaphragm is around the ___ rib.
- 2nd rib 2. 6th rib
tough fibrous tissue that holds the heart in place and protects it from over-expansion.
pericardium
the pericardium has 2 layers:
- fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
touch, loose fitting, inelastic sac around the heart that provides protection and anchors the heart in the mediastinum. Prevents overstretch of the heart.
fibrous layer of the pericardium
Serous pericardium consists of 2 layers:
- parietal layer - visceral layer
layer of the serous pericardium that is fused to the fibrous pericardium
parietal layer
layer of the serous pericardium that is adheres to the outside of the heart. Also known as Epicardium.
visceral layer
The heart wall is made up of 3 distinct layers:
- epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Layer of the heart wall: - literally means “on the heart” - a shiny transparent lubricating layer that is an integral part of the heart wall - contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and vessels that supply the myocardium
epicardium aka: visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Layer of the heart wall: - contractile and thick middle layer of cardiac muscle cells - makes up roughly 90% of heart wall. - the cardiac mm fibers are organized in bundles that swirl diagonally around the heart and generate the strong pumping actions.
myocardium
Layer of the heart wall: - lining of the interior of the myocardial wall - delicate layer that covers the muscle and valves
endocardium
the interior of the heart is divided into 4 cavities:
- 2 upper chambers (atria) - 2 lower chambers (ventricles)
The _____ receive blood from the veins and pump it into the ventricles
atria
The ____ receive blood from the atria and pump it to the body and lungs
ventricles
The left chambers are separated from the right chambers by an extension of the heart wall called the _____.
septum
Both sides of the heart must pump the same amount of blood to avoid ______ in one side of the system.
blood accumulation
septum located between the left and right atrium
interatrial septum
remnant of the foramen ovale, an opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart that normally closes soon after birth
fossa ovalis
The 2 superior chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins. They alternately relax and contract to receive blood, then push it into the lower chambers
atria
The 2 inferior chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump blood out of the heart into arteries.
ventricles
The _______ of each ventricle is thicker than the myocardium of either atrium.
myocardium
The ____ _____ is the thickest chamber of the hear
left ventricle
structures that permit the flow of blood in one direction only, forcing the continuous flow of blood.
valves
There are 4 valves:
- Tricuspid valve - Aortic semilunar valve - pulmonary semilunar valve - bicuspid valve (mitral)
- valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle - guards the left atrioventricular (AV) opening - Has 2 flaps - prevents backflow into the atrium during systole (contraction)
Mitral or bicuspid valve
- valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle - regulates flow through the right atrioventricular (AV) opening - has 3 flaps - prevents backflow into the atrium during systole
tricuspid valve
- valve located between the left ventricle and the entrance of the aorta - shape like a half moon - prevents backflow into the ventricle during diastole (relaxation)
aortic semilunar valve
valve located between the right ventricle and the entrance of the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole
pulmonary semilunar valve
thread-like bands of fibrous tissue that attach on one end to the edges of the tricuspid and mitral valves (AV valves) of the heart and on the other end to papillary muscles within the heart that serve to anchor the valves
chordae tendinae
damage to the valves of the heart can cause _____, _____, or both.
- stenosis - insufficiency (inadequate closure)
a slight insufficiency of valves common in young women and is often asymptomatic
mitral valve prolapse
type of circulation: - arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body - veins then return the oxygen-depleted blood to the heart
systemic circulation
type of circulation: - pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs where it is oxygenated and returned to the heart through pulmonary veins
pulmonary circulation
_____ have thick wall and carry blood away from the heart
arteries
____ have thin walls and return blood to the heart
veins
Right vs. Left: The ____ side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and delivers it to the lungs
right
Right vs. Left: The ____ side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and delivers it to the body.
left
Right vs. Left: The muscles of the ____ side are 4 times thicker and more powerful than those on the right side.
left
Right vs. Left: The ____ side of the heart pumps blood through a much shorter distance and at lower pressures.
right
Flow of blood through the heart: __#1__ receives deoxygenated blood from the body –> __#2__ receives deoxygenated blood from the R atrium –> __#3__ receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins –> __#4__ receives oxygenated blood from L atrium and pumps blood out to the whole body via aorta
- right atrium 2. right ventricle 3. left atrium 4. left ventricle
2 arteries (R and L) - they are the first branches of the aorta - supply blood to the heart itself
coronary arteries
Both ventricles get blood from branches of Right and Left ________.
coronary arteries
Each atrium only receives blood from its corresponding _______.
coronary artery
The _________ is the biggest and receives the most blood.
Left ventricle
an alternate name for anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery. Term is used because the left main coronary and/or left anterior descending supply blood to large areas of the heart.
Widow maker
fibers that repeatedly generate action potentials that trigger contraction. Continue to stimulate heart beat even after the heart has been removed from the body. - ensure that the cardiac chambers are stimulated to contract in a coordinated manner
autorhythmic cardiac muscle fibers
cells that are not contractile. Their sole purpose is to generate rapid conduction of an action potential through the heart
specialized cardiac muscle cells
heart’s primary pacemaker is located high in the right atrium
Sinoatrial (SA) node
The _______ is located in the interatrial septum in at the base of the right atrium. The conduction system continues into the ventricles via the this bundle.
atrioventricular node (AV)
The ______ is located in the superior aspect of the interventricular septum. It is also known as bundle of His.
AV bundle
Right and left ______ extend through the interventricular septum toward the apex of the heart.
bundle branches
conduct the action potential beginning in the apex of the heart upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium
purkinjie fibers
cessation of coronary artery flow for more than a few minutes causes death of heart muscle
myocardial infarction
According to the CDC more than ___% of the blood flow must be stopped before tissue damage becomes a problem or any symptoms appear.
70%
790,000 americans have a heart attack each year. Most are related to _______.
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
