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BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II > general senses > Flashcards

general senses Flashcards

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1
Q

magnitude of response decreases over time in response to continuous stimulus

A

adaptation of sensory receptors

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2
Q

remaining aware of sensation over time and interpreting what that sensation means in larger context

A

perception of sensory receptors

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3
Q

microscopic receptors widely distributed in the skin, mucosa, connective tissues, muscles, tendons, joints and viscera

A

general senses

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4
Q

localized receptors for smell, taste, vision, hearing/equilibrium

A

special senses

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5
Q

Selectivity: a given receptor responds vigorously to one particular kind of stimulus in its _______.

A

receptive field

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6
Q

converts energy in stimulus into a graded potential

A

transduction of the stimulus

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7
Q

graded potential reaches threshold and triggers propagation toward CNS

A

generation of nerve impulses

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8
Q

regions of CNS and post central gyrus receive and integrate impulses

A

integration of sensory input

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9
Q

3 classifications of receptors:

A
  • location
  • stimulus
  • structure
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10
Q

3 groups of receptors can be identified by their location:

A
  • exteroceptors
  • visceroceptors
  • proprioceptors
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11
Q

receptors located on or very ear the body surface

  • respond most frequently to stimuli that arise external to the body itself
  • sometimes called cutaneous receptors
A

exteroceptors

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12
Q

________ detect pressure, touch, pain, and temperature

A

exteroceptors

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13
Q

receptors located internally, primarily in blood vessels and viscera

  • provide info regarding internal environment: usually not consciously perceived

Activated by: pressure, stretching, and chemical changes

A

visceroceptors/interoceptors

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14
Q

_____ are involved in mediating sensations such as hunger, thirst, BP, full bladder

A

visceroeptors/interoceptors

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15
Q

special type of visceroceptor; less numerous and more specialized than other visceroceptors

  • located in skeletal muscle, joint capsules, and tendons
A

proprioceptors

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16
Q

_______ provide information regarding body movement, orientation in space, muscle stretch

A

proprioceptors

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17
Q

2 types of proprioceptors:

A
  • tonic

- phasic

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18
Q

proprioceptor that provides information while the body is at rest.

A

tonic

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19
Q

proprioceptor that provides information during movement. Rapidly adapting and triggered only when there is a change in position

A

phasic

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20
Q

receptors are classified into 6 categories based on the types of stimuli that activate them:

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • nociceptors
  • photoreceptors
  • osmoreceptors
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21
Q

______receptors:

  • detect mechanical stimuli that deform, or change position of the receptor

Ie. pressure to skin, blood vessels, anything that results in stretch or pressure in muscle, tendon, or lung tissue

A

mechanoreceptor

22
Q

_____receptors:

  • detect chemicals in the mouth, nose, and body fluids
  • activated by either the amount or the changing concentration of certain chemicals

Ie. sense of taste, smell, homeostasis

A

chemoreceptors

23
Q

_____receptors:

-activated by changes in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

24
Q

_____receptors:

  • activated by intense stimuli that could result in tissue damage
  • chemical, intense light, sound, pressure, heat
  • sensation produced is pain
A

nociceptors

25
Q

_____receptors:

  • found only in the eyes
  • detect light that strikes the retina
A

photoreceptors

26
Q

_____receptors:

  • concentrated in the hypothalamus
  • sense levels of osmotic pressure in body fluids
  • activated by changes in concentration of electrolytes in extracellular fluids
  • stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center
A

osmoreceptors

27
Q

general sensory receptors may be classified anatomically as either of the following (2):

A
  • free nerve endings

- encapsulated nerve endings

28
Q

structure:

  • bare denrites
  • the simplest, most common, and most widely distributed sensory receptors
  • include both exteroceptors and interoceptors
A

free nerve endings

29
Q

structure:

  • have some type of connective tissue capsule that surrounds the terminal end or denritic end
  • usually mechanoreceptors
    activated by mechanical or deforming stimulus
A

encapsulated nerve endings

30
Q

Major types of ________:

  • tactile/meissners corpuscle
  • lamellar/pacinan corpuscle
  • bulbous/ruffini cells
  • bulboid/krause corpuscle
A

encapsulated nerve endings

31
Q

nociceptors are ____ nerve endings

A

free

32
Q

nociceptors:

  • concentrated in the skin, mucous membranes, and other superficial areas
  • sharp, intense, localized fast/somatic pain
  • “fast pain” travels over myelinated fibers
  • associated with superficial injury or trauma
A

pain-A Delta Fibers

33
Q

nociceptors:

  • originates in deeper/visceral regions (thoracic and abdominal regions)
  • intense or less severe, but persistent, dull aching pain
  • develops more slowly over time
  • “slow pain” travels over unmyelinated fibers
A

pain-C fibers

34
Q

________ mediate sense of heat and cold; called thermoreceptors

A

free nerve endings

35
Q

____ receptors are located in dermis. Activated in temperature range of 77-114 degrees F. >118 = burning

A

Warm

36
Q

____ receptors are located in deepest layer of epidermis. Activated in temperature range of 50 - 104 degrees F. <50 = dramatic decrease in firing rate but activates nociceptors (freezing pain_

A

cold

37
Q

the 5 types of touch sensation:

A
  • skin movement
  • itch
  • tickle
  • light touch
  • deep touch
38
Q

sense of touch has both _____ and _____ endings

A

free and encapsulated

39
Q

root hair plexuses with free nerve endings. Activated with very slight movement on or in the skin. Bends or deforms a hair follicle or shaft

A

touch-skin movement

40
Q

touch:

  • free nerve endings
  • activated by chemical irritaiton
  • inflammatory chemicals (bradykinin, or histamine)
A

touch-itch

41
Q

touch:

  • free nerve endings
  • activated by touch from an outside source
  • involves both thalamus and cerebellum before reaching the cerebral cortex
A

touch-tickle

42
Q

touch:

  • mediated by a variation of a free nerve ending
  • tactile or merkel disk
  • transmits compression of the outer layer of skin to the tactile disk neuron (mechanoreceptor)
  • detects discriminative touch and surface form and contours
A

light/discriminative

43
Q

touch:

  • encapsulated nerve endings
  • tactile/meissner corpuscles
  • enmeshed in connective tissue
  • located close to the dermal papillae in hairless skin areas like fingertips, lips, nipples and genitals
  • mediate light touch, textual sensations and low frequency vibration
A

deep touch

44
Q

there are # variants of Meissner corpuscles

A

3

45
Q

anatomical variant of meissner corpuscles:

  • more numerous in mucous membranes
A

Bulboid/krause corpuscle

46
Q

anatomical variant of meissner corpuscles:

  • crude, heavy and persistent touch
A

bulbous/ruffini corpuscle

47
Q

anatomical variant of meissner corpuscles:

  • deep pressure, high frequency vibration, and stretch
A

lamellar/pacini corpuscle

48
Q

sense:

tells us level of contraction and stretch in each of our skeletal muscles

  • muscle spindles
  • golgi tendon receptors
A

sense of proprioception

49
Q

discrete grouping of 5-10 modified muscle fibers called intrafusal fibers surrounded by sensoru nerve fibers

A

encaspulated nerve endings, stretch receptors: muscle spindles

50
Q

respond to muscle twitch:

  • stretch reflex
  • subconscious postural adjustments
A

muscle spindles

51
Q

stretch receptors:

  • located at the junction between muscle tissue and tendon
  • stimulated by excessive stretch of a tendon
  • protects muscle from tearing
A

golgi tendon organ

BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II (25 decks)

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