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BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II > CNS Brain > Flashcards

CNS Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

layer of the meninges made of strong, white, fibrous tissue. Connected to periosteum of cranium

A

dura mater

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

certain areas of the ____ ____ engage predominantly in one particular function

A

cerebral cortex

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4
Q

inferior elevations of tectum. Part of the auditory pathway, relaying impulses from the receptors for hearing in the inner ear to the brain. Also reflex centers for the startle reflex

A

inferior colliculi

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5
Q

In the _____ lipid-soluble substances, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, and most anesthetic agent, are able to access brain tissue freely.

A

blood brain barrier

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

region of the hypothalamus that contains dorsomedial nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, and arcuate nucleus

A

tuberal region

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8
Q

when the _____ ____ is electrically stimulated, no movement occurs; however, the symptoms of Parkinson’s indicate the ____ ____’s influences movement

A

substantia nigra

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9
Q

space located immediately outside the dura mater, but inside the bony coverings. Contains a supporting cushion of fat and other connective tissues

A

epidural space

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10
Q

oval projection appearing one on each side of the ventral surface lateral to the pyramids

A

olive

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11
Q

the surface of the cerebral cortex is irregular - each ridge is called a _____.

A

gyrus

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12
Q

primary auditory area in the cerebral cortex

A

transverse gyrus

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13
Q
A
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14
Q
A
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15
Q
  • associated with emotions, survival instincts, and memory
  • plays a significant role in fear response
  • prolonged stress seems to cause hypersensitivity which increases anxiety and reaction to fear
  • prolonged stress results in enlargement
A

amygdala

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16
Q

limbic system structures:

A
  • cingulate gyrus
  • hippocampus
  • and primary connections with thalamus, amygdala, and more
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17
Q

lies superior to the medulla and inferior to the midbrain. Latin for bridge. Fibers run transversely across the ___ into the cerebellum

A

pons

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

sensory, primary visual area of the cerebral cortex

A

occipital lobe

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20
Q

localization of function varies from person to person, and even at different times in an individual’s life when the brain has sustained damage

A

cerebral plasticity

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21
Q

4 main integrative functions of the cerebral cortex

A
  • consciousness
  • language
  • emotions
  • memory
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22
Q

superior elevations of the tectum. Serve as reflex centers for certain visual activities; also serve as reflexes that govern movements of the head, eyes, and trunk in response to stimuli

A

superior colliculi

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23
Q
  • primary role in converting short-term to long-term memory
  • regulates activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) by shutting down the stress response when it is no longer needed
  • prolonged stress interferes with memory, spatial navigation, and the ability to regulate the HPA axis
  • Prolonged stress can cause atrophy
A

hippocampus

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24
Q

layer of the meninges that is a delicate, cobweb-like layer that lies between the dura mater and the pia mater

A

arachnoid mater

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25
Q

thin ventricle, vertical pocket of fluid below and medial to lat ventricles.

A

third ventricle

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26
Q

lobe that processes hearing

A

temporal lobe

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27
Q
  • translated means “little brain”. - Located inferior to the posterior portion of the cerebrum. - second largest part of the brain, but contains more neurons than all other parts of the nervous system combined
A

cerebellum

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28
Q

____ centers are located in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

A

speech

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29
Q

extensions of ascending, or sensory, spinothalamic tracts and descending, or motor, corticospinal tracts

A

projection tracts

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30
Q

lesions in the speech centers give rise to language defects (2):

A

aphasia, dysphasia

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31
Q

____ is composed of white matter and reticular formation. Contains centers for reflexes mediated by cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII. Contains the pneumotaxic centers that help regulate respiration

A

pons

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32
Q

2 bulges of white matter on the ventral surface of medulla oblongata

A

pyramids

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33
Q

lies beneath the thalamus and forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle. It is a major regulator of the ANS

A

Hypothalamus

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34
Q

functions of _____:

  • arousal or alerting system
  • crucial for maintaining consciousness
  • alertness and attentiveness
A

reticular activating system

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35
Q

region of the hypothalamus that contains medial and lateral ____ nuclei and regualtes certain autonomic activities

A

preoptic region

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36
Q

targeted injection to anesthetized a region of the spine. Nerve roots around this region will be anesthetized as well.

A

epidural injections

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37
Q

space located between dura mater and arachnoid mater. Contains a small amount of lubricating serous fluid

A

subdural space

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38
Q
A
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39
Q

Because it is continuous with the periosteum on the interior surface of the cranial bones, no _____ ____ is normally present in the brain.

A

epidural space

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40
Q
A
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41
Q

ascending and descending tracts, white matter and gray matter

A

reticular formation

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42
Q

most numerous cerebral tracts:

extend from one convolution to another in the same hemisphere

A

association tracts

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43
Q

_____ space shares space with the ventricles… usually arterial bleeds and fast.

A

subarachnoid space

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44
Q

_____ ____ lie under the cerebral cortex and are made up of white matter

A

cerebral tracts

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45
Q
  • a dumbell-shaped mass of gray matter made up of many nuclei. - Each lateral mass forms one lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle. - major center for relaying sensory input to cerebral cortex from the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, basal nuclei, and various parts of the cerebrum
A

thalamus

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46
Q

primary functions of ____: - impulses from receptors produce conscious recognition of crude (non critical) sensations of pain, temperature, and touch - cell bodies in nucleus of the thalamus relay various sensory impulses (except possibly olfactory) to the cerebrum - associates sensory impulses with feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness - relays info from cerebellum and basal nuclei to motor area of cerebral cortex - plays a part in arousal or alerting mechanism - plays a part in production of complex reflex movements

A

thalamus

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47
Q

layer of the meninges that adheres to the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater

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48
Q

_____ bleed is usually venous. This is clinically relevant in terms of “slow bleed”. If a person falls and doesn’t notice changes for 24-48 hrs it can be because venous blood is not under pressure like arterial and bleeds slower.

A

subdural

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49
Q

islands of gray matter that lie deep in white matter in each hemisphere

A

basal nuclei

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50
Q

_______ nucleus serves as the body’s internal clock in the hypothalamus.

A

suprachiasmatic

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51
Q
A
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52
Q

contains: - cerebral peduncles (anterior) - tectum (posterior) - red nucleus - substantia nigra

A

midbrain

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53
Q

translated means “between brain”. Located between the cerebrum and midbrain. Contains: - thalamus - hypothalamus - pineal gland - optic chiasma

A

diencephalon

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54
Q

responsible for planning, logic, self-regulation, and higher mental functioning

  • stress results in shrinkage and loss of dendrites in this area which results in impaired decision making, self-regulation and higher mental function, and decreases the ability to cognitively adapt
A

prefrontal cortex

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55
Q

the ______ plays a primary role in converting short-term to long-term memory

A

hippocampus

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56
Q
  • acts with the cerebral cortex to produce skilled movements by coordinating the activities of groups of muscles - helps control posture; operates at a subconscious level to make movements efficient and coordinated - controls skeletal muscles to maintain balance - coordinates incoming sensory information from skeletal muscles
A

functions of the cerebellum

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57
Q

reddish due to rich blood supply and an iron-containing pigment in their neuronal bodies. Axons from the cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses in the ______, which help control muscular movements

A

red nuclei

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58
Q

functions of _____:

  • play role in regulating initiation and termination of movement
  • helps regulate muscle tone required for body movement
  • control subconcious contraction of skeletal muscles
  • help initiate and terminate attention, memory, planning
  • help regulate emotional behaviors
A

basal nuclei

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59
Q
A
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60
Q
A
61
Q

important player in brain function, in particular in eye movement, motor planning, reward-seeking, learning, and addiction.

A

substantia nigra

62
Q

located superior to the pons and inferior to the cerebrum. Composed of both white matter and reticular formation

A

midbrain

63
Q

fissure with the deepest groove; division of cerebrum into right and left halves (cerebral hemispheres)

A

longitudinal fissure

64
Q

pH of the CSF affects pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow, which is important in maintaining homeostatic controls for brain tissue. Also serves as a transport system for polypeptide hormones secreted by hypothalmic neurons

A

homeostatic function of CSF

65
Q
A
66
Q

consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the endothelial cells of brain blood capillaries and a thick basement membrane that surrounds the capillaries The processes of many astrocytes press up against the capillaries and secrete chemicals that maintain the permeability characteristics of the tight junctions.

A

Blood Brain Barrier BBB

67
Q
A
68
Q
A
69
Q

Contains the abilities: - logic - math - language - reading - writing - analysis

A

left hemisphere

70
Q

the ability to speak and write words. the ability to understand spoken and written words

A

language

71
Q

right cerebral hemisphere (3):

A
  • perception of auditory material
  • perceiving and visualizing spatial relationships
  • creativity
72
Q

lobe that processes vision

A

occipital lobe

73
Q
A

epidural space

74
Q

_____ is found within the subarachnoid space, around the brain and spinal cord, and within the cavities and canals of the brain and spinal cord

A

cerebro spinal fluid CSF

75
Q

functions of ____: - an important part of the body’s biological clock mechanism - sets/regulates the body’s biological clock - secretes hormones, the most notable is melatonin, a sleep inducer

A

pineal gland/body

76
Q

the ____ lies hidden from view, burried in the lateral fissure

A
77
Q

contains the abilities: - personality - creativity - intuition - music - art - spatial abilities

A

right hemisphere

78
Q

composed of all ascending and descending tracts and located just above the foramen magnum and extends to inferior border of the pons. Also contains pyramids and olive

A

medulla oblongata

79
Q

____ bones encase the brain. _____ encase the spinal cord.

A

cranial, membranes

80
Q

2 protective coverings of the brain:

A
  • bones - Membranes
81
Q

deep groove between the temporal lobe and the frontal and parietal lobes

A

lateral fissure

82
Q
A

corpus callosum

83
Q

space located between arachnoid mater and pia mater. Contains a significant amount of cerebrospinal fluid

A

subarachnoid space

84
Q

2 functions of medulla oblongata

A

contains vital reflex centers: cardiac, vasomotor (vessel muscle), and respiratory centers - contains nonvital reflexes: vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hicupping, and swallowing

85
Q

medium for minor exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and adjacent nervous tissue

A

circulation of CSF

86
Q

Cranial dura mater has 2 layers:

A
  • periosteal layer (outer) - meningeal layer (internal)
87
Q

hypothalamus is composed of a dozen or so nuclei in these 4 major regions:

A
  • mamillary - tuberal - supraoptic - preoptic
88
Q

3 types of cerebral tracts:

A
  • projection tracts
  • association tracts
  • commissural tracts
89
Q

contains nuclei, some are called control center for cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor control

A

reticular formation

90
Q

groove that separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

A

parietooccipital fissure

91
Q

receptive sensory speech area of the cerebral cortex

  • can speak but not arrange words in a coherent fashion
A

wernicke’s area

92
Q

the 3 functions of CSF:

A
  1. mechanical protection: shock absorbing medium 2. homeostatic function 3. circulation
93
Q

the ____, ____, and ____ lobes are among the areas responsible for short and long term memory

A
94
Q

region of hypothalamus that lies most posteriorly. ____ bodies serve as relay stations for reflexes related to sense of smell

A

mamillary region

95
Q

cerebrum: _____ divide each hemisphere into lobes

A

fissures

96
Q

4 ventricles of the brain:

A
  • lateral ventricles (2, first and second) - third ventricle - fourth ventricle
97
Q
A

epidural space

98
Q

extend from a point in one hemisphere to a point in the other hemisphere (compose the corpus callosum)

A

commissural tracts

99
Q

lobe that processes senses other than hearing and vision

A

parietal lobe

100
Q

The brainstem consists of (4):

A
  • medulla oblongata (lowest part) - pons (middle part) - midbrain (uppermost part) - the start of 10 sets of cranial nerves
101
Q
A
102
Q

the _____ ___ is the outer rim of the cerebrum composed of gray matter and contains more than one billion neurons

A

cerebral cortex

103
Q

The 3 meningeal spaces:

A
  • epidural space - subdural space - subarachnoid space
104
Q

lobe that controls emotion

A

frontal lobe

105
Q

the largest and uppermost division of the brain. Contains bulk of brain’s mass and contains 2 hemispheres: right and left hemispheres

A

cerebrum

106
Q

primary motor area of the cerebral cortex

  • impulses from neurons in this area descend over motor tracts and stimulate skeletal muscles
A

precentral gyrus

107
Q

Name the cerebral lobes

A

blue: frontal
green: parietal
yellow: occipital
orange: temporal
red: insula

108
Q

Between adjacent gyri in the cerebral cortex lie either shallow grooves called ____, or deeper grooves called _____.

A
  1. sulci 2. fissures
109
Q

network of capillaries that project from the pia mater into the lateral ventricles and into the third and fourth ventricles

A

choroid plexuses

110
Q

centers of the brainstem’s reticular formation that receive impulses from the spinal cord and relay to the thalamus. From the thalamus to all parts of cerebral cortex

  • sensory or ascending
A

reticular activating system

111
Q
A
112
Q

both the subjective experiencing and objective expression of emotions involve the cerebrum’s _________, known as the emotional brain

A

limbic system

113
Q

just superior to the junction of the medulla with the spinal cord, 90% of the axons in the left pyramid cross to the right side, and 90% of the axons in the right pyramid cross to the left side. This is called:

A

decussation of pyramids

114
Q

the 4 cerebral fissures:

A
  • longitudinal fissure
  • central sulcus
  • lateral fissure
  • parietooccipital fissure
115
Q
A

corpus callosum

116
Q

inflammation of the meninges caused by either a virus or bacterial infection.

A

Meningitis

117
Q
A

reticular activating system

118
Q

Around S3 the _____ blends with the dura mater to form a fibrous cord that is continuous with the periosteum of the coccyx

A

filum terminale

119
Q
A
120
Q

white matter connecting nuclei

A

internal capsule

121
Q

Research findings indicate that the cerebrum’s _______ plays a key role in memory

A

limbic system

122
Q
  • a state of awareness of one’s self, one’s environment, and other humans
  • very little is known about the neural mechanisms that produce consciousness
  • depends on excitation of cortical neurons by impulses conducted by the reticular activating system
A

consciousness

123
Q

many cerebral functions have a typical location. This is known as:

A

cerebral localization

124
Q

The ______ space holds veins, arteries and penetrating vessels. Concussions and other trauma can result in tearing of these delicate vessels resulting in a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

subarachnoid space

125
Q

located just above the corpora quadrigemina. Named because it looks like a pine nut.

A

pineal gland/body

126
Q

the _____ _____ extend through the midbrain and conduct impulses between the midbrain and cerebrum

A

cerebral peduncles

127
Q
A
128
Q

The 3 layers of the meninges:

A
  • Dura mater (outer) - Arachnoid mater (middle layer) - Pia mater (inner layer)
129
Q

nerve tissue connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Much of the inter-hemispheric communication in the brain is conducted across the ___ ____.

A

corpus callosum

130
Q
A
131
Q

Blood is filtered by the _____ and CSF is produced. After circulating through the ventricles of the brain, the central canal, and the subarachnoid spaces. It is then absorbed back into the blood.

A

choroid plexuses

132
Q

the formation of the CSF occurs mainly by separation of fluid from blood in the ______.

A

choroid plexuses

133
Q

The pressure and volume of CSF normally is constant due to:

A

rates of formation and reabsorbtion are the same

134
Q

The _____ contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, and pituitary gland.

A

diencephalon

135
Q

regions of the brain:

A
  • brain stem (medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain) - cerebellum - diencephalon - cerebrum
136
Q

ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere

A

lateral ventricles

137
Q

left cerebral hemisphere (3):

A
  • language functions
  • analytic and logical thought
  • pattern sequencing
138
Q

In the spinal cord the pia mater forms a slender filament known as the

A

filum terminale

139
Q

primary somatosensory area in the cerebral cortex

  • receives impulses from receptors activated by heat, cold, and touch stimuli
  • cortex contains a somatic sensory map of the body
  • AKA sensory homunculus
A

postcentral gyrus

140
Q

region of the hypothalamus that contains paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamis nucleus, and suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

supraoptic region

141
Q

expressive motor speech area of the cerebral cortex

  • clear thoughts but unable to form words
A

broca’s area

142
Q

the hippocampus, amygdala, and limbic system are affected by ______.

A

prolonged stress

143
Q

The _____ continue down inside the spinal cavity.

A

meninges

144
Q
A
145
Q

functions of the _____: - major regulator of ANS (HR, respiration, GI tract, urinary bladder) - major regulator of homestasis; it receives input that is interpreted to correct for changes in osmotic pressure, hormone concentrations, and blood temperature - it affects emotions of aggression, pain, and pleasure - regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness - regulates thirst and hunger responses - controls body temp via vasoconstriction, dilation, and sweating

A

hypothalamus

146
Q

A reservoir of circulating fluid that, along with blood, the brain monitors for changes in the internal environment. Provides supportive and protective cushion around and within brain and spinal cord.

A

cerebro spinal fluid

147
Q

groove between the frontal and parietal lobes

A

central sulcus

148
Q

tiny ventricle, diamond-shape space where cerebellum attaches to the back of the brainstem

A

fourth ventricle

BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II (25 decks)

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