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A&P > Nervous System(intro) > Flashcards

Nervous System(intro) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different parts of the CNS and PNS

A

CNS: brain + spinal chord, PNS: Nerves (Cranial and Spinal)

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2
Q

What are the 3 general functions of the nervous system? What does each one do?

A

Sensory, Integrative and Motor.
-Sensory: Detect changes and sends those changes as messages to the brain
-Integrative: Processing and prioritization of information; may generate motor response.
-Motor: Sends info to motor effectors

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3
Q

Organization of the sensory system

A

Afferent, Somatic and Autonomic.
-Afferent: Signals travel from tissue to NS
-Somatic: Detect touch, temp, pain etc.
-Autonomic: Unconscious stuff.

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4
Q

Organization of Motor System

A

Efferent, Somatic, Autonomic.
-Efferent: Signals travel from CNS to effectors
-Somatic: Send signals to skeletal muscle
-Autonomic: Send info to viscera

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5
Q

What are the traits of the neuron?

A

-Excitable to electrical signals.
-Transmit signals to other cells.
-Secrete neurotransmitters.
-Neurons live for very long and don’t reproduce

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6
Q

Structure of Neuron

A

Dendrites, cell body and axons

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7
Q

Dendrite (definition)

A

Short branches that detect stimuli

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8
Q

Axon (definition)

A

Long branches that release neurotransmitter.
-Axon Hillock
-Axon Collaterals
-Synaptic knob/terminals
-Synaptic vesicles

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9
Q

Nerve (definition)

A

Bundle of axons from brain to spinal chord

transmit impulses to brain or spinal chord

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10
Q

Structural classifications of neurons

A

-unipolar: One axon extends from cell
body, Axon splits into central and
peripheral processes
-Bipolar: One dendrite and one axon
extend from cell body, sensory neurons for special
senses
-Multipolar: One axon extends from cell
body, Most common.

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11
Q

Neuroglia

A

-Support and protect neurons.
CNS Neuroglia:
-Astrocytes
-Ependymal cells
-Microglia
-Oligodendrocytes
PNS Neuroglia:
-Neurolemmocytes,
aka “Schwann cells”
-satellite cells

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12
Q

Myelination

A

Lipid wrapped around axolemma. Speeds up transmission of impulse.

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13
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Central nervous system myelination. Each one wraps around several axons and acts as glue to stabilize them. Neurofibril nodes are found between each segment of myelin.

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14
Q

Synapse

A

The point where neurons transmit information to another neuron/effector cell

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14
Q

Neurolemmocytes

A

Peripheral nervous system myelination. Wraps around axolemma of single axon; cytoplasm and nucleus squeezed to surface forming neurilemma. Neurofibril nodes are found between each segment of myelin.

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15
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

The neuron that sends signals (neurotransmitters) across the synapse to the postsynaptic neuron

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16
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Small fluid filled gap between neurons.

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17
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

Receives signals

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18
Q

Events at the synapse

A
  1. Neurotransmitters released from vesicles of axon terminals
  2. Neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft and bind to the postsynaptic cleft.
  3. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors, initiating postsynaptic action potential.
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19
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Pre- and postsynaptic neurons bound by gap junctions
-Connected cytoplasm
-Fast; no synaptic delay
-Cardiac and smooth muscle

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20
Q

Chemical synapse

A

-Presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter
-postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitter

21
Q

Segments of the neuron

A

Receptive, initial, conductive, transmissive

22
Q

Neuron pumps

A

Active transport
move substances against concentration gradient
Sodium and potassium pumps, Calcium pumps

23
Q

Neuron channels

A

-Pores in membrane that allow ions to move down concentration gradient

24
Q

Leak channels

A

Part of Neuron channels (passive transport); always open, continuous diffusion.

25
Q

Chemically-gated channels

A

Part of Neuron channels (active transport); opens when a neurotransmitter binds to receptor

26
Q

Voltage-gated channels

A

Part of Neuron channels (active transport); opens when membrane charge changes

27
Q

What protein does the entire membrane have?

A

Na+-K+ pumps and Na+ and K+ leak channels

28
Q

What protein does the receptive segment have?

A

Chemically gated K+ and Cl- channels
they also respond to neurotransmitter of pre synaptic neuron

29
Q

What protein does the initial segment have?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels

30
Q

what protein does the Transmission segment have?

A

Voltage gated Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ pumps

31
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

Neurons at rest have a charge of -70mv internally

32
Q

Process of potential at the receptive segment

A
  1. Dendrites receive chemical signal from presynaptic neuron
  2. Neurotransmitters then bind to chemically gated ion channel (CGIC) and the channel opens, Na+, K+ or Cl- pass through
  3. change in voltage determined by chemical
  4. Must reach -55mv to initiate action potential
33
Q

Local potential

A

Local potentials are electrical signals that occur in the nervous system when a stimulus causes a change in the membrane potential of a cell. Size of signal is proportional to the strength of the stimulus itself

34
Q

Graded potential

A

Graded potentials are small changes in the membrane potential of a neuron that are caused by sensory input or synapses

35
Q

Summation

A

The process that determines whether or not an action potential will be generated by the combined effects of the excitatory and inhibitory signals. Occurs on axon hillock (initial segment)

36
Q

Temporal summation

A

A single presynaptic neuron repeatedly releases neurotransmitter

37
Q

Spatial summation

A

Multiple presynaptic neurons stimulate receptive region simultaneously

38
Q

All or none law

A

If threshold reached, action potential will be generated and propagated down axon
* If threshold not reached, voltage-gated channels remain closed, no action potential
* All action potentials propagated with same intensity, even with values greater than threshold

39
Q

Depolarization

A
  1. At rest, voltage-gated ion channels are closed
  2. As Na+ enters, the voltage-gated ion channels open
  3. Na+ crosses the axolemma, creating a positive current
  4. after Na+ goes through the channel closes
  5. steps 1-4 repeat across adjacent regions of axons
40
Q

Repolarization

A

Returns to negative potential as K+ leaves cell
1. Depolarization causes K+ channels to open
2. K+ diffuses out of the cell causing negative membrane potential

41
Q

Continuous conduction

A
  • Occurs on unmyelinated axons
  • Charge opens voltage-gated channels, which spreads to adjacent
    region and opens more channels sequentially
42
Q

Saltatory conduction

A
  • Occurs on myelinated axons
  • Faster and requires less ATP to maintain RMP
  • Action potential occurs only at neurofibril nodes, where the axon’s
    voltage-gated channels are concentrated
  • Action potential propagated from node to node to terminals
43
Q

Refractory period

A
  • The time after an action potential during which the neuron cannot produce another action potential
44
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Released by presynaptic neuron; trigger response in target cell
I. Include: acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, etc.

45
Q

Functional classifications of neurotransmitters

A

Effect:
-Excitatory (cause EPSP’s)
-Inhibitory (cause IPSP’s)
Action
-Direct: bind to CGIC’s
-Indirect: bind to G-proteins and second messengers

46
Q

Neuronal pools

A

Groups of neurons arranged in specific patterns

47
Q

Converging circuits

A

Input converges at a single postsynaptic neuron

48
Q

Diverging circuits

A

One presynaptic neuron sends information to multiple postsynaptic
neurons

49
Q

Reverberating circuits

A

Uses feedback to produce repeated, cyclical activity

50
Q

Parallel-after-discharge circuits

A

Signal transmitted simultaneously along several paths to
postsynaptic neuron

A&P (14 decks)

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