Nervous system Flashcards
1
Q
What is the nervous system?
A
transports messages
controls body
2
Q
Nervous syestem has two major branches
A
central and peripheral
3
Q
Central nervous is composed of?
A
brain and spinal cord
4
Q
PNS or peripheral nervous system is composed of?
A
any kind of nerves coming off of the brain and spinal cord
5
Q
Where are the cranial nerves and are a part of what nervous system
A
inferior side of the brain, peripheral
6
Q
PNS can be broken down into
A
somatic and autonomic
7
Q
Somatic has to do with
A
skeletal muscles and any kind of motor function
8
Q
Somatic is not always what….
A
voluntary skeletal muscle contractions. Sometimes involuntary.
9
Q
Examples of involuntary skeletal muscle
A
posture,
10
Q
Examples of involuntary skeletal muscle and are part of what branch of nerves?
A
posture, reflexes…. part of somatic
11
Q
What branch of nerves are cardiac muscles and smooth muscles a part of?
A
autonomic
12
Q
Autonomic can be broken down into what two branches
A
parasympathetic and sympathetic
13
Q
parasympathetic consists of
A
rest
sex
digest
14
Q
Why are parasympathetic and sympathetic a part of the autonomic nerve system
A
to help build in some sort of control
15
Q
sympathetic
A
fight
flight
freeze
16
Q
when parasympathetic is turned on sympathetic is turned
A
off
17
Q
when sympathetic is turned on parasympathetic is turned
A
off
18
Q
efferent
A
messages being sent away from the brain
19
Q
afferent
A
messages being sent toward the brain
20
Q
when we are in flight or fight (sympathetic) our heart is and blood pressure is
A
beating fast and elevated.
21
Q
caffeine and nicotine causes what to turn on
A
our sympathetic side
22
Q
Insomnia, inability to be turned on is because you need to turn of what and on what nervous system
A
sympathetic and turn on parasympathetic
23
Q
How do you turn flight or fight off?
A
relaxation, meditation, stop stressing about things that dont matter. Learn to let go of everything, be numb towards everything pos, and neutral.
24
Q
neurophysiology
A
Nerve to nerve or neuron to neuron
25
-70 milivolts
cell at rest
26
The Nervous System is the
rapid control system of the body
27
There are two anatomical divisions to the Nervous System:
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
They work together as a single coordinated whole
28
The Functions of the Nervous System
sensory input
intergration
motor output
29
integration
process stimuli
| interpret stimuli
30
Organization of the Central Nervous System
the Brain and Spinal Cord
31
Brain and Spinal Cord CNS does what for information and emotions
process & integrate information, store information, determine emotions
32
Brain and Spinal Cord CNS does what for muscle
initiate commands for muscle contraction, glandular secretion and hormone release (regulate and maintain homeostasis)
33
Brain and Spinal Cord CNS are connected to
all other parts of the body by the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
34
Anatomical connections of the PNS
spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord
| cranial nerves are connected to the brain
35
two functional subdivisions of PNS
sensory (afferent) division
| motor (efferent) division
36
sensory (afferent) division
somatic afferents - skin, skeletal muscle, tendons, joints
special sensory afferents
visceral afferents - visceral organs
37
motor (efferent) division
motor (efferent) neurons
| muscles/glands
38
based on our sensory input we always retrieve from... and where
memory and the frontal lobe
39
when picking up a glass where is your sensory input sending information to and what?
your motor output and what muscles need to contract used to pick up the glass
40
motor output is always what pathway
effector
41
visceral organs
internal organs
42
unresponsiveness is what
a necessary life function1
43
The brain and spinal nervous system is set aside to
process
intergate
store
and retrieve later
44
1st 5 years of development are so crucial for our nerves because its when
our axons develop myelin around them and makes them work/send impulses
45
glands are what in the nervous system
PNS motor efferent division
46
body temp sweat gland is what
eccrine
47
sebaceous is
oil gland
48
apocrine
body odor
49
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
voluntary motor neurons
| output to skeletal muscles
50
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
involuntary visceral motor neurons
output to smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and to glands
two cooperative components:
51
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
| two cooperative components:
sympathetic division
| parasympathetic division
52
Sympathetic Division – for muscular... and?
exertion and for “fight or flight” emergencies
53
Parasympathetic Division – for
metabolic/ physiologic “business as usual” (“feed or breed”)
54
Nerve cell physiology is primarily a
cell membrane phenomenon
55
Information transmission differs between what parts of the nerve?
dendrites and axons
56
Neuron Processes is done in the?
axons and dendrites
57
dendrites are
short, tapering, highly branched extensions of the soma
contain some cell organelles
receptive—initiate and transmit graded potentials (not action potentials) to the cell body
58
Are dendrites mylinated
no
59
axons
A single process that transmits action potentials from the soma
60
axons originates from
a cone-shaped “axon hillock”
61
axon length
May be long (1 meter) or short (<1 mm)
62
long axons called
nerve fibers
63
axons have up to how many terminal branches
10,000
64
each terminal branch has a _____ that?
an axon terminal that synapses (joins) with a neuron or an effector (muscle or gland cell)
65
Axoplasm:
the cytoplasm of the axon
66
Axolemma defined
the cell membrane of the axon, specialized to initiate and conduct action potentials (nerve impulses)
67
Axolemma do what
initiated at the axon hillock (trigger zone), travels to the axon terminal
causes release of neurotransmitter from terminal
neurotransmitters can excite or inhibit
transfers a control message to other neurons or effector cells
68
Myelin Sheath
lipid-rich, segmented covering on axons
69
most larger, longer axons are
myelinated
70
dendrites are never
myelinated
71
myelin protects & electrically insulates
the axon
72
myelin increases?
the speed of nerve impulses
73
myelinated fibers conduct impulses
conduct impulses 10-150x faster than unmyelinated fibers
| 150 m/sec vs. 1 m/sec
74
impulses are sent in what order
from the dendrites through the body (soma) through the axon, down the axon terminal branches to the synapse.
75
Myelinating Cells
neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) in the Peripheral NS
| oligodendrocytes in the Central NS
76
Myelination occurs during?
fetal development and the first year of life
77
each myelinating cell wraps around a... how many times and does what?
axon up to 100 times, squeezing its cytoplasm and organelles to the periphery
78
cell body is also known as
soma
79
myelin sheath:
multiple layers of the cell membrane
80
neurolemma (sheath of Schwann):
outer layer containing the bulk of the cytoplasm and cell organelles
81
Myelinated Fibers
```
Myelin sheath
neurofibril nodes (Nodes of Ranvier)
```
82
neurofibril nodes (Nodes of Ranvier)
periodic gaps in the myelin sheath between the neurolemmocytes
83
depending on the neurotransmitters they can do what at the synapse
turn one nerve off and the other on
84
depending on how strong or weak the signal from the first neuron is, is going to depend on if
the message is going to continue onwards
85
Unmyelinated Fibers
surrounded by neurolemmocytes but no myelin sheath present
86
Presynaptic neuron
before the synapse. sending the initial message
87
postsynaptic neuron
after the synapse. neurotransmitter has already gone to the next one and tell us the effect of that impulse
88
neurolemmocytes may enclose up to____axons (unmyelinated fibers)
15
89
Different types of receptors in nerves for what
for different processes to occur
90
dendrites are where the impulses
start
91
neurolemmocytes guide
regrowth of neuron processes after injury
92
The receptive portion of a nerve
dendrites
93
Gray matter
unmyelinated cell bodies & processes
94
White matter
myelinated processes in various fiber tracts
95
Classification of Neurons
Structural:
| Funvctional
96
Structural classification of neurons
based on the number of processes extending from the cell body
97
Functional classification of neurons
based on the direction (location) of nerve impulses
98
Afferent =
Sensory Neurons
99
afferent = towards
CNS
100
nerve impulses from specific sensory receptors (touch, sight, etc.) are transmitted to
the spinal cord or brain (CNS)
101
afferent neuron cell bodies are located
outside the CNS in ganglia
102
efferent are
away from CNS
103
Efferent =
Motor Neurons
104
nerve impulses from CNS (brain and spinal cord) are transmitted to
effectors (muscles, endocrine and exocrine glands)
105
efferent neuron cell bodies are located inside the
cns
106
signal itself is always physically on what
axon
107
Cell membrane of an axon
axolemma
108
Where does the action potential (nerve impules) happen in the axon
axolemma
109
Where are neurotransmitters released
the axon terminal
110
neurotransmitters besides aceytocholine
dopamine
111
Dopamine excites or inhibits?
excites
112
Insulation around the axon
myelin
113
Myelin is made of
lipids... fat cushioning
114
exposed area on axon where there isn't myelin is the only area that impulse will
jump to blank spots on the nerve fiber
115
bubble of myeline is known as as
neurolemmocyte-- schwann cell
116
What makes myelin
supporting cells in the nervous system called oligodendrocytes
117
oligodendrocytes have the ability to
cap on to the axon, spin it and created this cushion around it.
118
schwann cells are
myelin
119
membrane around the axon
myelin
120
two types of fibers of axons
myelinated and unmyelinated
121
which is faster, myelinated or unmyelinated?
myelinated
122
why would you want a nerve to be myelinated
causes you to have a faster response
123
all of our ___ and ____ should be myelinated?
sensory input and motor output
124
What nerves should not be myelinated or it does not matter as much?
integration- CNS
125
Association Neurons carry
nerve impulses from one neuron to another
126
Lumin on axon tells us
that there is a membrane- myelinated sheath
127
Association Neurons =
(= Interneurons)
128
99% of the neurons in the body are
interneurons
129
most interneurons are located in the
CNS
130
voltage
the measure of potential energy generated by separated charges
131
CNS will be unmyelinated why?
to give it time to figure out what it is
132
CNS being unmyelinated and myelinated gives us what?
our two types of tissues seen here. Aka white and gray mater
133
voltage is alway measured between
two points – the inside versus the outside of the cell
134
voltage is referred to as a potential since
the charges (ions) are separated there is a potential for the charges (ions) to move along the charge gradient
135
You'll see a lot more gray matter where and why
the CNS, because thats where processing and integration happen. Don't need it to happen to fast
136
white matter is going to be the tracts
that send and receive information from everywhere else
137
why does the percentage of white matter to gray matter change from the brain to the spine?
because not as many peripheral nerves are coming off the brain as the spinal cord
138
functional classification is based on
where nerves are going efferent or afferent and are they sensory or motor
139
afferent is your
sensory
140
Afferent, sensory pathways are always going to go to the
dorsal root (ganglion) and then the posterior horn
141
Ganglia has
a bunch or bundle of nerve cells
142
Integration happens with an
interneuron
143
afferent to ____ to _____
integration
| efferent
144
current neurophysiology
the flow of electrical charge from one point to another
| in the body, current is due to the movement of charged ions
145
resistance neurophysiology
the prevention of the movement of charges (ions)
| caused by the structures (membranes) through which the charges (ions) have to flow
146
Cell interior and exterior have different chemical compositions
- Na+/K+ ATPase pumps change the ion concentrations
| - a semi-permeable membrane allows for separation of ions
147
Ions attempt to reach electrochemical equilibrium
two forces power the movement of ions.
- individual ion concentrations (chemical gradients)
- net electrical charge (overall charge gradient)
148
the balance between concentration (chemical) gradients and the electrical gradient known as the
electrochemical equilibrium
149
the external voltage required to balance the concentration gradient is the
equilibrium (voltage) potential
150
Membrane Ion Channels regulate
ion movements across cell membrane
151
Membrane Ion Channels are specific for
a particular ion or ions
152
many different types
| of membrane ions channels
may be passive (leaky)
| may be active (gated)
153
active (gated) membrane ions channels
- gate status is controlled
| - gated channels are regulated by signal chemicals or by other changes in the membrane potential (voltage potential)
154
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
electrical charge gradient associated with outer cell membrane
155
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) is present in
all living cells
156
the cytoplasm within the cell membrane is _____ charged due to the
negatively, due to the charge disequilibrium concentrations of cations and anions on either side of the membrane
157
RMP varies from about
-40 to -90 millivolts (a net negative charge inside relative to a net positive charge outside the cell)
158
Resting Membrane Potential is similar to a battery
stores an electrical charge and can release the charge
159
2 main reasons for Resting Membrane Potential stores and releases an electrical charge this:
- ion concentrations on either side of the plasma membrane are due to the action of the Na+/K+ ATPase pumps
- plasma membrane has limited permeability to Na+ and K+ ions
160
polarized membrane
-primarily, Na+ and Cl- are outside making the membrane
161
plasma membrane has what typically inside and what typically outside
K+, Cl-, proteins- and organic phosphates- are inside
| Na+ and Cl- are outside
162
plasma membrane has limited permeability to
Na+ and K+ ions
163
Resting conditions of a membrane are
Na+/K+ ATPase pumps 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in per ATP hydrolysis – opposing their concentration gradients
164
concentration gradient drives Na+ to
go into the cell
165
concentration gradient drives K+ to go
out of the cell
166
if the cell membrane were permeable to Na+ and K+ ions, then
Na+ and K+ ions would diffuse along their electrical and chemical gradients and would reach equilibrium
167
if the cell was at equilibrium in terms of ion concentrations and charge, their would be
no potential energy available for impulse transmission
168
Neuron Membrane at rest is polarized causing the cytoplasm inside to be relative to the
negatively charged relative to the outside
169
Neuron Membrane at rest is polarized
| and the net negative charge in the cytoplasm attracts
all cations to the inside
170
Association neuron- interneuron does what
interprets message sent to it and passes the baton
171
association neuron stays where
inside the gray matter
172
efferent pathway starts from
your anterior horn through the ventral nerve root (no bump) exits spinal level becomes a longer motor nerve and synapses right at the muscle
173
When the cytoplasm has a net negative charge and attracts cations inside what leaks in despite membrane permeability
Na+
174
what keeps working to pump 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in
Na+-K+ ATPase, opposing the two concentration gradients (for Na+ and K+)
175
the resting potential
the electrochemical gradient at rest
176
cells use changes in membrane potential (voltage) to
exchange information
177
voltage changes occur by two means:
changing the membrane permeability to an ion; or
| changing the ion concentration on either side of the membrane
178
voltage changes are made by what ion channels
passive channels – leaky: K+
| active channels:
179
active channels:
chemically gated – by neurotransmitters
| voltage gated
180
types of membrane potentials
graded potential and action potential
181
graded potentials
graded = different levels of strength
| dependent on strength of the stimulus
182
action potentials
in response to graded potentials of significant strength
signal over long distances
all or nothing
183
membrane graded potentials and action potentials may be either:
hyper polarizing or de polarizing
184
hyperpolarizing
| graded potentials and action potentials
increase membrane polarity
| making the inside more negative
185
depolarizing
| graded potentials and action potentials
decreasing membrane polarity
| making the inside less negative = more positive
186
Graded Potential Propagation
bidirectional
ions flow down the membrane
signal strength dissipates away from the stimulus
187
association-interneurons make up
99% of the neurons in our body
188
association-interneurons do what
interpret messages
189
Some association neurons don't have an
output or motor neuron example: vision
190
bipolar neurons
cell bodies in the middle
axon on each side
example eye
191
More Properties of Graded Potentials
short lived and transient
local changes in membrane polarization status
the size of the voltage change varies with the intensity of the stimulus
stimulus strength decreases with the distance the potential travels away from the stimulus
these are characteristic of:
- Receptor potentials
- Postsynaptic potentials
- Endplate potentials
192
a nerve impulse (action potential) is generated in response to a
threshold graded potential
193
depolarization
- change in the membrane polarization
- stimuli reach a threshold limit and open voltage-gated Na+ channels
- Na+ ions rush into the cell --> down the Na+ concentration and electrical gradients
- the cytoplasm inside the cell becomes positive
- reverses membrane potential to +30 mV
194
if a nerve is at rest it should be what sign
negative
195
voltage
is the measure of stored or potential energy inside K or Na ions inside the axon
196
point of reference if we are measuring the inside of a membrane
the outside
197
The reason we call it a potential voltage
because the charge of the ions has the potential to switch
198
local anesthetics prevent
opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels - prevent depolarization
199
Sequence of Events in Action Potentials
1. Resting membrane potential
2. Depolarization
3. Repolarization 4. hyperpolarization
5.
200
depolarization
-stimulus strength reaches threshold limit
-voltage gated Na+ channels open
-Na+ flows into the cytoplasm
-More V-gated Na+ channels open
[positive feedback]
201
Repolarization
- voltage gated K+ channels open
| - voltage gated Na+ channels close
202
Hyperpolarization
- gated Na+ channels are reset to closed
| - membrane remains hyperpolarized until K+ channels close, causing the relative refractory period
203
The All-or-None Principle
stimuli/neurotransmitters arrive and open some of the chemically-gated Na+ channels
204
if stimuli reach the threshold level what occurs
depolarization. Then voltage-gated Na+ channels open
| an Action Potential is generated which is constant and at maximum strength
205
if stimuli do not reach the threshold level
nothing happens
206
hyperpolarization defined
briefly the exterior of the membrane is more negative than resting potential voltage level
207
prevention of the movement of ions is
resistance
208
the greater resistance i have
the less action potential i have or current
209
we always want to be at what milivolt
-70 or rest
210
the only difference between the nervous system and muscular system is
how these gates/channels for Na and K work
211
always have more what on the inside
K, thats why we start out with it
212
leaky gates/channels cause what
there to always be a potential
213
active channel means
one gate/channel is opened or closed and the action potential is happening
214
if the channel/gate is passive it means
it does not close all the way
215
resting membrane potential has to do with
starting out on the inside of the axon in the cytoplasm as negative
216
when we flip the charge of a membrane that was at rest we
change the concentration
217
when we switch that charge of a cell it is called
depolarization
218
ions have the ability
to create an electrical current
219
sodium channels open what occurs next
depolarization, action potential, going towards positive
220
two types of membrane potentials specific to the nervous system
graded potentials
221
graded potential means we
are going to have different levels of strength depending on how strong the stimulus is
222
depending on how weak the stimulus is it may not
produce an action potential
223
all of our potentials in all of the axons in the nervous system are known as
graded potentials
224
can you pick up multiple sensory inputs and why
yes, because of graded potentials
225
can you decide which graded potentials you want to turn into an action potential
yes
226
the response of a stimulus depends on
how strong that stimulus is
227
action potentials are in response to
graded potentials of significant strength
228
the nervous system is designed that if my presynapse is weak then
nothing is going to happen
229
if my presynaptic neurons message was to turn the postsynaptic neuron off. The only way it could ensure that is to
not send a signal there by becoming more negative aka hyperpolarized
230
-90 milivolts from -70 milivolts happens by
sending more potassium in
231
the only way you can turn a neuron off
by making it harder to get to positive
232
+30 milivolts
point of no return neuron turned on
233
fibrillation is when your heart
doesn't rest
234
hyperpolarization goes beyond _____ making it harder to create an ____ ensuring ______
rest making it harder to create an action potential ensuring rest
235
excess K causes
hyperpolarizing
236
depolarizing means more
K
237
anesthetics
preventing the opening of sodium channels , through hyperpolarizing because of more K and resisting the current. Causing the impulse of that sensation to not be carried forward
238
threshold
every cell has its own point of no return
239
Threshold milivolt
+30
240
If threshold is met then more Na+ channels being opened will
not effect that stimulus
241
resetting
repolarizing
242
When there cant be a second action potential
absolute refractory period
243
the point when a neuron could possibly pick up another signal before coming back to rest could happen during and is called
during hyperpolarization known a relative refractory period
244
conduction velocity
how fast or slow impulses conduct depending outside factors
245
increases impulse speed
bigger diameter of neuron
| if it is (myelinated) insulated
246
bigger diameter of neuron does what
decreases resistance, increases speed
247
demyelination of already myelinated fibers axons is caused by
autoimmune multiple sclerosis (MS)
248
nodes of ranvier
parts of axons that aren't myelinated
249
impulses only conduct on
nodes of ranvier
250
electrical synapses (gap junctions) are found where the have their own conduction system
heart
| stomach
251
chemical synapses (neurotransmitters) are found
everywhere else in nervous tissue
252
two scenarios for postsynaptic
excitatory and inhibitory
253
neurotransmitter acts as a light switch
turning on or of that postsynaptic neuron
254
temporal summation
sending impulse over and over not allowing you to rest adding up the signal
255
spatial summattion
touching you in two spots on your arm but it feels like one place
256
saltatory conduction
means that the ions jumps over the myelinated portion to the bare area (node of ranvier)
257
depending on what the presynaptic neurotransmitter is going to do the post synaptic neurotransmitter can
turn on- excitatory
| turn off- Inhibitory
258
Why would you ever want Hyperpolarization
to ensure that there is no signal or response to a stimulus
259
true or false: could you have a strong enough stimulus to overcome that hyperpolarization
true
260
what ion causes us to go to rest
K+
261
hyperpolarizing means that we are
going beyond rest and leaving K channels open
262
Is all or nothing always true in the nervous system?
no, because of graded potential
263
Graded potential is what?
When you have multiple stimuli at once and the strength of the stimuli depends on which stimuli is all or nothing
264
Are muscles all or none when it comes to neurons
Yes, because its only dealing with action potential
265
Acetylcholine function
functions both in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and in the central nervous system (CNS). In the peripheral nervous system, acetylcholine activates muscles, and is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system.
266
norepinephrine function
a "feel good" neurotransmitter is a chemical released from the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress. It is classified as a neurotransmitter, a chemical that is released from neurons. Because the release of norepinephrine affects other organs of the body, it is also referred to as a stress hormone.
267
Low levels of norepinephrine hormone have been shown to
play a role in ADHD, depression, and low blood pressure.
268
Dopamine is a
chemical in your brain to keep you emotionally balanced. ... Dopamine is a chemical in your brain that affects your emotions, movements and your sensations of pleasure and pain. and a feel good neurotransmitter.
269
Acetylcholine functional classes
nicotinic ACh- excitatory/direct action
| muscarinic ACh-excitatory/inhibitor/indirect action
270
dopamine functional classes
excitatory
inhibitory
indirect action
271
serotonin functional classes
inhibitory
indirect action
direct action
272
histamine functional classes
excitatory
inhibitor
indirect action
273
GABA functional classes
inhibitory
direct action
indirect actions
274
Glutamate functional classes
Excitatory
| Direct action
275
Serotonin function
plays a role in sleep, appetite, nausea, migrane headaches, and regulating mood. Drugs that block its uptake relieve anxiety and depression.
276
Histamine function
involved in wakefulness, appetite control, and learning and memory.
277
Gaba function
is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is very widely distributed in the neurons of the cortex. GABA contributes to motor control, vision, and many other cortical functions. It also regulates anxiety.
278
Glutamate function
important in learning and memory. Also known as the stroke neurotransmitter.
279
Glycine function
principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of CNS in the spinal cord, brain stem and retina.
280
Endorphines function
Natural opiates; inhibit pain
281
Somatostatin function
Often released with Gaba. Inhibits growth hormone release. In the hypothalamus, it regulates the secretion of hormones coming from the pituitary gland, including growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone. In the pancreas, somatostatin inhibits the secretion of pancreatic hormones, including glucagon and insulin
282
Cholecytokinin function
involved in anxiety, pain, memory. Inhibits appetite.
283
ATP function
ATP provokes pain sensations
284
Adenosine Function
May be involved in sleep wake cycle and terminating seizures. Dilates arterioles, increasing blood flow to heart and other tissues as needed.
285
Nitric oxide function
It releases potentiates stroke damage. Some types of male impotence treated by enhancing NO.
286
Carbon monoxide function
Carbon monoxide is produced naturally by the human body as a signaling molecule. Thus, carbon monoxide may have a physiological role in the body, such as a neurotransmitter or a blood vessel relaxant.
287
Endocannabinoids function
Involved in memory, appetite control, nausea and vomiting, neuronal development,. Receptors activated by thc.
288
is the control center
brain
289
brain has how many neurons
100 billion neurons
290
Males brain kg
1.6 kg
291
female brain kg
1.45kg
292
Amount of foldings in the cerebrum and cerebellum tells us how
developed that brain is
293
sulci are
valleys of the brain
294
gyri are
hills of the brain
295
5 lobes
insula, occipital, parietal, tempotal, frontal
296
how many hemispheres in the brain
2 hemispheres
297
pleasure center in the brain
hypothalamus
298
Is the brain a colloid, supspension or solid
colloid
299
colloid is
a jelly type material
300
suspension is
blood
301
thalamus is
-relay center (phone operator, every afferent efferent signal goes here to decide where that message goes to the brain)
302
Brainstem – takes care of all
all of your vital signs (blood pressure, temp, oxygen, reflexes- emetic- throwing up)
303
The amount of foldings in the cerebrum and cerebellum do what
determine our intelligence
304
What makes up the brain stem
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongota
305
what year do all the myelinations and connections turn on
1st year of life
306
frontal lobe
- all of our working memory
- learned response (baby in a crib)
- every other lobe has to tap back into frontal lobe to know what to do
- learned, stored and tapped back into
- our personality is stored in our frontal lobe
- characterisitics
- voluntary motor control
307
if you do not stimulate the frontal lobe between the first 5-7 years that will be their
personality
308
To remember something better
associate two lobes together and attach it to your frontal lobe
309
olfactory is and comes from
smell
| temporal lobe
310
auditory is and comes from
hearing and comes from temporal
311
Brain is like what substance
colloid, not solidified
312
Movement while memorizing causes us to
retain more.
313
Precentral gyrus also known as
Primary Motor Area
314
Precentral gyrus (Primary Motor Area) responsible for
our motor association area
| Central Sulcus
315
What cushions the brain
cerebral spinal fluid
316
what shows us how developed a brain is?
the amount of foldings in the cerebrum and cerebellum or how defined our sulci/gyri are
317
Postcentral sulcus also known as
(Primary somatosensory cortex)
318
Postcentral sulcus (Primary somatosensory cortex) is responsible for
sensory association area
319
Cortex means
outer covering
320
medulla means
inside
321
Occipital lobe is responsible for
Primary visual area
322
what would a blow to the back of your head disrupt
your ability to interpret what you see
323
Why are the sulci of a sheep more shallow than human brains
because they aren't as developed as us
324
insula
inside the middle of the brain
325
Brocas area is
Articulation- all the motor components of speech- muscle/movement
326
Wernike area
-interpretation of speech
327
Wernike and brocas area together
function for us to speak
328
Diencephalon is found
in between the cerebral hemispheres
329
Diencephalon house all of our
thalamus regions
Hypothalamus
epithalamus
thalamus
330
Hypothalamus has to do with the
endocrine system and our pleasure center
331
Thalamus is what
your relay center
332
Every signal has to go through the
thalamus to figure out where in the brain am I processing that information from
333
Midbrain collectively takes care of all of your
vital signs
334
Vital signs are
blood pressure
temp
oxygen
335
Vital signs are
blood pressure
temp
oxygen
emetic center
336
Emetic center does what
helps you to throw up
337
cerebellum looks like
princess layas buns
338
are the foldings on the cerebellum the same as the cerebrum
no
339
The thalamus once it receives that sensory input it has to
send it somewhere thats going to help it process that sensory input so it can have a motor output
340
Starts with sensory neuron... continue pathway
on afferent pathway, interneuron processes from the thalamus to somewhere else. Then that message is sent from the motor pathway to the efferent pathway. lastly the effect is produced
341
All of your lobes are under what control
contralateral control (opposite side)
342
Are a majority of reflexes learned
yes
343
Learned responses get stored where
frontal lobe
344
All of our working memory is where
frontal lobe
345
-left brain tells which hand to move
right
346
Every other lobe has to tap back here to what?
tap back into the frontal lobe to process what that is
347
contralateral means
opposite side
348
what develops your personality
frontal lobe
349
cerebral dominance
motor control increased on one side
350
ipsilateral
same side, hemisphere controlling that side. Doesn’t happen in the brain. Happens in spinal cord
351
Where does ipsilateral happen in the body?
Doesn’t happen in the brain. Happens in spinal cord
352
Ambidexterity
-motor control equal on both hemispheres
353
-seen in dyslexia (is because they don’t pick a dominant hemisphere)
Ambidexterity
354
- caudate nucleus is important because
it determines parkinson’s disease
355
Smell (olfactory) and hearing (auditory) come from
temporal lobe
356
parkinson’s disease is
break down of this part of our brain
357
Voluntary motor (learning to walk and talk) control is in what lobe
frontal
358
head band or central sulcis separates the
frontal from parietal lobe
359
central sulcis has what infront and behind it
bumps
| Precentral Gyris and post central gyrus
360
Precentral Gyrus is responsible for our
motor association area
361
Almost everywhere in the brain is an
association area that interprets information
362
Postcentral gyrus works with
sensory information
363
Postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex) and precentral gyrus (Primary Motor Area) have to work with, and why
the frontal lobe to relay that experience back to memory
364
Occipital lobe is found
the base of the head
365
primary visual association area is found where
on the occipital lobe
366
a blow to the back of the head would disrupt
interpretation of vision
367
motor components of or articulation of speech are from where in the brain
broca
368
interpretation of speech
wernikes
369
Cerebral palsey happens fro,
a lack oxygen during birth
370
what would happen in a patient that would have wernikes affected
struggling to interpert speech
371
what would happen to a patient tthat has brocas
struggling to actually speak
372
Parietal lobe is the
post and precentral gyrus
373
Parietal lobe deals most with
associating all of our sensory input
374
homunculus
brain map maps out the parietal lobe
375
biggest area for sensory in adults
hands
376
biggest area for sensory in babies
mouth
377
cerebral hemispheres all of the lobes are under what control
contralateral
378
Afferent and efferent pathways cross
towards the brain to get that association done
379
Can we switch our cerebral dominance
yes
380
prior to creating that cerebral dominance is
dyslexia
381
basil nuclei are
found intertwined in the brain. a bundle of ganglia (neurons) in the dienchepleon (gray matter found within white matter)
382
Gray matter means they dont have
myelin and are slower
383
makes up the basil nuclei
claudate nucleus
384
The deterioration of gray mater in the basil nuclei and claudate nucleus is important because it causes
parkinsions dieases
385
Signs of parkinson dieses
resting tremors
| stoic face
386
Limbic system
intertwines with everything else in the brain.
387
Limbic system is known as
your emotional center
388
road rage
blowing up
yelling
come from
the limbic system
389
What happens when your limbic system is in control
affects blood pressure
vital signs
puts sympathetic (fight or flight) nervous system in over drive
390
one of the great things about the limbic system is
any time you create a response in the limbic system you lock that memory into your frontal lobe and works with other lobes
391
how is ptsd created
limbic system
392
Where is the limbic system
a ring around the brain stem
393
Your emotions (limbic system) are
grasping all of your vital signs
394
controls all of our hormones
hypothalamus
395
Substansia nigra is found
in the midbrain
396
What does the mid brain do
motor coordination involvement
397
pincer graps is what
that fine motor coordination happening in the midbrain
398
folia
folds on the cerebellum
399
arbor vitae can be seen when you cut what medially
the cerebellum
400
arbor vite controls
coordination
balance
proprioception
401
proprioception means
tells you where your body is in space
402
All of our joints are all lined with
proprioreceptors sending messages to cerebellum telling us where our body is in space
403
Everything you test for in drunk people takes place in your
cerebellum
404
how do you know first thing when you wake up that you're laying supine
your cerebellum is giving you that proprioception
405
Number one reason for falls in the nursing home
because the cerebellum starts to deteriorate
406
decreasing cerebellum deteriorating
a wobble board, work on balance
407
longitudinal fissure is attached by a c of white matter known as
the corpus callosum
408
corpus callosum is made up of specific fibers called
commisural fibers that communicate
409
Our corpus callosum and its commisural fibers do what
allow our right and left hemispheres to talk to each other
410
An absence of corpus callosum causes
developmentally delayed overall
411
RAS
Reticular activating system
412
Reticular activating system looks like what and starts where?
a tree and fiber starts from the brain stem and branch through all the lobes of the brain
413
when your brain is turned up, aka LSD or acid what is activated
Reticular activating system (sensory overload)
414
Why do we have Reticular activating system
all of our brain is turned on and its a highly alerting system (sense of danger and ability to respond to what is around us). Also brings us from sleep to wake.
415
causes us to be alert
| sleep to awake and consciously allows us to heighten all of our sense
Reticular activating system
416
EEG
Measurement of brain waves (electro encephilo gram)
417
Four major types of brain waves
Alpha waves
Beta waves
Delta waves
Theta waves
418
Alpha waves
resting adults whose eyes are closed
419
Beta waves
adults that are concentrating on a specific task
420
Delta waves
deep sleep. clinical disorders (night terrors, sleep walking)
421
Theta waves
adults under stress and sleep
422
Cranial nerve- anything coming off of the under side of the brain (PNS) nemonic
```
I Oh- Olfactory
II Oh- Optic
III Oh- Oculomotor
IV To- Trochlear
V Touch- Trigeminal
VI And- Abducens
VII Feel- Facial
VIII Very- vestibulocochlear
IX Good- Glossopharyngeal
X Velvet- Vegas
XI Ah- Accessory
XII Hah- Hypoglossal
```
423
Alzheimers dieseases
deterioration of gray matter of the brain. processing difficulty. (Memory loss
424
Dementia
Holes starting to form in brain. Confusion
425
Cranial nerve- anything coming off of the under side of the brain (PNS) nemonic
```
I Oh- Olfactory
II Oh- Optic
III Oh- Oculomotor
IV To- Trochlear
V Touch- Trigeminal
VI And- Abducens
VII Feel- Facial
VIII Very- vestibulocochlear
IX Good- Glossopharyngeal
X Velvet- Vegus
XI Ah- Accessory
XII Hah- Hypoglossal
```
426
Menegies
pads around the entire nervous system Dura matter (outer cover), Arachnoid, Pia mater (inner layer)
427
Cranial Nerves can be sensory
motor
both
```
Some- Sensory
Say- Sensory
Marry-
Money-
But-
My-
Brother-
Says-
Big
Butts
Matter
More
```
428
Optic is
vision
429
Oculomotor is
moving eyes
430
Trochlear
eye movement
431
Trigeminal is
(several branches to the face)
432
Abducens control
controls the movement of a single muscle, the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.
433
Facial nerve controls
controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity.
434
vestibulocochlear nerve is responsible for
is responsible for both hearing and balance and brings information from the inner ear to the brain. A human's sense of equilibrium is determined by this nerve. Two special organs help the nerve function properly: the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus.
435
Glossopharyngeal nerve receives and aids
receiving various forms of sensory fibers from parts of the tongue, carotid body, the tonsils, the pharynx, and the middle ear. Aids the body with rest and digestion processes and swallowing.
436
vagus nerve function
vagus forms part of the involuntary nervous system and commands unconscious body procedures, such as keeping the heart rate constant and controlling food digestion.
437
accessory nerve provides
motor function to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which extends the neck and the trapezius, as well as the upper back and shoulder.
438
hypoglossal nerve function
provides motor control of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue
