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Nervous system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

transports messages

controls body

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2
Q

Nervous syestem has two major branches

A

central and peripheral

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3
Q

Central nervous is composed of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS or peripheral nervous system is composed of?

A

any kind of nerves coming off of the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Where are the cranial nerves and are a part of what nervous system

A

inferior side of the brain, peripheral

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6
Q

PNS can be broken down into

A

somatic and autonomic

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7
Q

Somatic has to do with

A

skeletal muscles and any kind of motor function

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8
Q

Somatic is not always what….

A

voluntary skeletal muscle contractions. Sometimes involuntary.

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9
Q

Examples of involuntary skeletal muscle

A

posture,

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10
Q

Examples of involuntary skeletal muscle and are part of what branch of nerves?

A

posture, reflexes…. part of somatic

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11
Q

What branch of nerves are cardiac muscles and smooth muscles a part of?

A

autonomic

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12
Q

Autonomic can be broken down into what two branches

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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13
Q

parasympathetic consists of

A

rest
sex
digest

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14
Q

Why are parasympathetic and sympathetic a part of the autonomic nerve system

A

to help build in some sort of control

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15
Q

sympathetic

A

fight
flight
freeze

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16
Q

when parasympathetic is turned on sympathetic is turned

A

off

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17
Q

when sympathetic is turned on parasympathetic is turned

A

off

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18
Q

efferent

A

messages being sent away from the brain

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19
Q

afferent

A

messages being sent toward the brain

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20
Q

when we are in flight or fight (sympathetic) our heart is and blood pressure is

A

beating fast and elevated.

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21
Q

caffeine and nicotine causes what to turn on

A

our sympathetic side

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22
Q

Insomnia, inability to be turned on is because you need to turn of what and on what nervous system

A

sympathetic and turn on parasympathetic

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23
Q

How do you turn flight or fight off?

A

relaxation, meditation, stop stressing about things that dont matter. Learn to let go of everything, be numb towards everything pos, and neutral.

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24
Q

neurophysiology

A

Nerve to nerve or neuron to neuron

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25
Q

-70 milivolts

A

cell at rest

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26
Q

The Nervous System is the

A

rapid control system of the body

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27
Q

There are two anatomical divisions to the Nervous System:

A

The Central Nervous System (CNS)
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
They work together as a single coordinated whole

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28
Q

The Functions of the Nervous System

A

sensory input
intergration
motor output

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29
Q

integration

A

process stimuli

interpret stimuli

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30
Q

Organization of the Central Nervous System

A

the Brain and Spinal Cord

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31
Q

Brain and Spinal Cord CNS does what for information and emotions

A

process & integrate information, store information, determine emotions

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32
Q

Brain and Spinal Cord CNS does what for muscle

A

initiate commands for muscle contraction, glandular secretion and hormone release (regulate and maintain homeostasis)

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33
Q

Brain and Spinal Cord CNS are connected to

A

all other parts of the body by the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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34
Q

Anatomical connections of the PNS

A

spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord

cranial nerves are connected to the brain

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35
Q

two functional subdivisions of PNS

A

sensory (afferent) division

motor (efferent) division

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36
Q

sensory (afferent) division

A

somatic afferents - skin, skeletal muscle, tendons, joints
special sensory afferents
visceral afferents - visceral organs

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37
Q

motor (efferent) division

A

motor (efferent) neurons

muscles/glands

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38
Q

based on our sensory input we always retrieve from… and where

A

memory and the frontal lobe

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39
Q

when picking up a glass where is your sensory input sending information to and what?

A

your motor output and what muscles need to contract used to pick up the glass

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40
Q

motor output is always what pathway

A

effector

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41
Q

visceral organs

A

internal organs

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42
Q

unresponsiveness is what

A

a necessary life function1

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43
Q

The brain and spinal nervous system is set aside to

A

process
intergate
store
and retrieve later

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44
Q

1st 5 years of development are so crucial for our nerves because its when

A

our axons develop myelin around them and makes them work/send impulses

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45
Q

glands are what in the nervous system

A

PNS motor efferent division

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46
Q

body temp sweat gland is what

A

eccrine

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47
Q

sebaceous is

A

oil gland

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48
Q

apocrine

A

body odor

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49
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

voluntary motor neurons

output to skeletal muscles

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50
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

involuntary visceral motor neurons
output to smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and to glands
two cooperative components:

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51
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

two cooperative components:

A

sympathetic division

parasympathetic division

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52
Q

Sympathetic Division – for muscular… and?

A

exertion and for “fight or flight” emergencies

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53
Q

Parasympathetic Division – for

A

metabolic/ physiologic “business as usual” (“feed or breed”)

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54
Q

Nerve cell physiology is primarily a

A

cell membrane phenomenon

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55
Q

Information transmission differs between what parts of the nerve?

A

dendrites and axons

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56
Q

Neuron Processes is done in the?

A

axons and dendrites

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57
Q

dendrites are

A

short, tapering, highly branched extensions of the soma
contain some cell organelles
receptive—initiate and transmit graded potentials (not action potentials) to the cell body

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58
Q

Are dendrites mylinated

A

no

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59
Q

axons

A

A single process that transmits action potentials from the soma

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60
Q

axons originates from

A

a cone-shaped “axon hillock”

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61
Q

axon length

A

May be long (1 meter) or short (<1 mm)

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62
Q

long axons called

A

nerve fibers

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63
Q

axons have up to how many terminal branches

A

10,000

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64
Q

each terminal branch has a _____ that?

A

an axon terminal that synapses (joins) with a neuron or an effector (muscle or gland cell)

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65
Q

Axoplasm:

A

the cytoplasm of the axon

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66
Q

Axolemma defined

A

the cell membrane of the axon, specialized to initiate and conduct action potentials (nerve impulses)

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67
Q

Axolemma do what

A

initiated at the axon hillock (trigger zone), travels to the axon terminal
causes release of neurotransmitter from terminal
neurotransmitters can excite or inhibit
transfers a control message to other neurons or effector cells

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68
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

lipid-rich, segmented covering on axons

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69
Q

most larger, longer axons are

A

myelinated

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70
Q

dendrites are never

A

myelinated

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71
Q

myelin protects & electrically insulates

A

the axon

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72
Q

myelin increases?

A

the speed of nerve impulses

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73
Q

myelinated fibers conduct impulses

A

conduct impulses 10-150x faster than unmyelinated fibers

150 m/sec vs. 1 m/sec

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74
Q

impulses are sent in what order

A

from the dendrites through the body (soma) through the axon, down the axon terminal branches to the synapse.

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75
Q

Myelinating Cells

A

neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) in the Peripheral NS

oligodendrocytes in the Central NS

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76
Q

Myelination occurs during?

A

fetal development and the first year of life

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77
Q

each myelinating cell wraps around a… how many times and does what?

A

axon up to 100 times, squeezing its cytoplasm and organelles to the periphery

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78
Q

cell body is also known as

A

soma

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79
Q

myelin sheath:

A

multiple layers of the cell membrane

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80
Q

neurolemma (sheath of Schwann):

A

outer layer containing the bulk of the cytoplasm and cell organelles

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81
Q

Myelinated Fibers

A 
Myelin sheath
neurofibril nodes (Nodes of Ranvier)
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82
Q

neurofibril nodes (Nodes of Ranvier)

A

periodic gaps in the myelin sheath between the neurolemmocytes

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83
Q

depending on the neurotransmitters they can do what at the synapse

A

turn one nerve off and the other on

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84
Q

depending on how strong or weak the signal from the first neuron is, is going to depend on if

A

the message is going to continue onwards

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85
Q

Unmyelinated Fibers

A

surrounded by neurolemmocytes but no myelin sheath present

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86
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

before the synapse. sending the initial message

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87
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

after the synapse. neurotransmitter has already gone to the next one and tell us the effect of that impulse

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88
Q

neurolemmocytes may enclose up to____axons (unmyelinated fibers)

A

15

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89
Q

Different types of receptors in nerves for what

A

for different processes to occur

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90
Q

dendrites are where the impulses

A

start

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91
Q

neurolemmocytes guide

A

regrowth of neuron processes after injury

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92
Q

The receptive portion of a nerve

A

dendrites

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93
Q

Gray matter

A

unmyelinated cell bodies & processes

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94
Q

White matter

A

myelinated processes in various fiber tracts

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95
Q

Classification of Neurons

A

Structural:

Funvctional

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96
Q

Structural classification of neurons

A

based on the number of processes extending from the cell body

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97
Q

Functional classification of neurons

A

based on the direction (location) of nerve impulses

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98
Q

Afferent =

A

Sensory Neurons

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99
Q

afferent = towards

A

CNS

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100
Q

nerve impulses from specific sensory receptors (touch, sight, etc.) are transmitted to

A

the spinal cord or brain (CNS)

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101
Q

afferent neuron cell bodies are located

A

outside the CNS in ganglia

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102
Q

efferent are

A

away from CNS

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103
Q

Efferent =

A

Motor Neurons

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104
Q

nerve impulses from CNS (brain and spinal cord) are transmitted to

A

effectors (muscles, endocrine and exocrine glands)

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105
Q

efferent neuron cell bodies are located inside the

A

cns

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106
Q

signal itself is always physically on what

A

axon

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107
Q

Cell membrane of an axon

A

axolemma

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108
Q

Where does the action potential (nerve impules) happen in the axon

A

axolemma

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109
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released

A

the axon terminal

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110
Q

neurotransmitters besides aceytocholine

A

dopamine

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111
Q

Dopamine excites or inhibits?

A

excites

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112
Q

Insulation around the axon

A

myelin

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113
Q

Myelin is made of

A

lipids… fat cushioning

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114
Q

exposed area on axon where there isn’t myelin is the only area that impulse will

A

jump to blank spots on the nerve fiber

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115
Q

bubble of myeline is known as as

A

neurolemmocyte– schwann cell

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116
Q

What makes myelin

A

supporting cells in the nervous system called oligodendrocytes

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117
Q

oligodendrocytes have the ability to

A

cap on to the axon, spin it and created this cushion around it.

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118
Q

schwann cells are

A

myelin

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119
Q

membrane around the axon

A

myelin

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120
Q

two types of fibers of axons

A

myelinated and unmyelinated

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121
Q

which is faster, myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

myelinated

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122
Q

why would you want a nerve to be myelinated

A

causes you to have a faster response

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123
Q

all of our ___ and ____ should be myelinated?

A

sensory input and motor output

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124
Q

What nerves should not be myelinated or it does not matter as much?

A

integration- CNS

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125
Q

Association Neurons carry

A

nerve impulses from one neuron to another

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126
Q

Lumin on axon tells us

A

that there is a membrane- myelinated sheath

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127
Q

Association Neurons =

A

(= Interneurons)

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128
Q

99% of the neurons in the body are

A

interneurons

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129
Q

most interneurons are located in the

A

CNS

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130
Q

voltage

A

the measure of potential energy generated by separated charges

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131
Q

CNS will be unmyelinated why?

A

to give it time to figure out what it is

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132
Q

CNS being unmyelinated and myelinated gives us what?

A

our two types of tissues seen here. Aka white and gray mater

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133
Q

voltage is alway measured between

A

two points – the inside versus the outside of the cell

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134
Q

voltage is referred to as a potential since

A

the charges (ions) are separated there is a potential for the charges (ions) to move along the charge gradient

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135
Q

You’ll see a lot more gray matter where and why

A

the CNS, because thats where processing and integration happen. Don’t need it to happen to fast

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136
Q

white matter is going to be the tracts

A

that send and receive information from everywhere else

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137
Q

why does the percentage of white matter to gray matter change from the brain to the spine?

A

because not as many peripheral nerves are coming off the brain as the spinal cord

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138
Q

functional classification is based on

A

where nerves are going efferent or afferent and are they sensory or motor

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139
Q

afferent is your

A

sensory

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140
Q

Afferent, sensory pathways are always going to go to the

A

dorsal root (ganglion) and then the posterior horn

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141
Q

Ganglia has

A

a bunch or bundle of nerve cells

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142
Q

Integration happens with an

A

interneuron

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143
Q

afferent to ____ to _____

A

integration

efferent

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144
Q

current neurophysiology

A

the flow of electrical charge from one point to another

in the body, current is due to the movement of charged ions

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145
Q

resistance neurophysiology

A

the prevention of the movement of charges (ions)

caused by the structures (membranes) through which the charges (ions) have to flow

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146
Q

Cell interior and exterior have different chemical compositions

A
  • Na+/K+ ATPase pumps change the ion concentrations

- a semi-permeable membrane allows for separation of ions

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147
Q

Ions attempt to reach electrochemical equilibrium

A

two forces power the movement of ions.

  • individual ion concentrations (chemical gradients)
  • net electrical charge (overall charge gradient)
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148
Q

the balance between concentration (chemical) gradients and the electrical gradient known as the

A

electrochemical equilibrium

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149
Q

the external voltage required to balance the concentration gradient is the

A

equilibrium (voltage) potential

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150
Q

Membrane Ion Channels regulate

A

ion movements across cell membrane

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151
Q

Membrane Ion Channels are specific for

A

a particular ion or ions

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152
Q

many different types

of membrane ions channels

A

may be passive (leaky)

may be active (gated)

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153
Q

active (gated) membrane ions channels

A
  • gate status is controlled

- gated channels are regulated by signal chemicals or by other changes in the membrane potential (voltage potential)

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154
Q

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

A

electrical charge gradient associated with outer cell membrane

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155
Q

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) is present in

A

all living cells

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156
Q

the cytoplasm within the cell membrane is _____ charged due to the

A

negatively, due to the charge disequilibrium concentrations of cations and anions on either side of the membrane

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157
Q

RMP varies from about

A

-40 to -90 millivolts (a net negative charge inside relative to a net positive charge outside the cell)

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158
Q

Resting Membrane Potential is similar to a battery

A

stores an electrical charge and can release the charge

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159
Q

2 main reasons for Resting Membrane Potential stores and releases an electrical charge this:

A
  • ion concentrations on either side of the plasma membrane are due to the action of the Na+/K+ ATPase pumps
  • plasma membrane has limited permeability to Na+ and K+ ions
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160
Q

polarized membrane

A

-primarily, Na+ and Cl- are outside making the membrane

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161
Q

plasma membrane has what typically inside and what typically outside

A

K+, Cl-, proteins- and organic phosphates- are inside

Na+ and Cl- are outside

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162
Q

plasma membrane has limited permeability to

A

Na+ and K+ ions

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163
Q

Resting conditions of a membrane are

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pumps 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in per ATP hydrolysis – opposing their concentration gradients

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164
Q

concentration gradient drives Na+ to

A

go into the cell

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165
Q

concentration gradient drives K+ to go

A

out of the cell

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166
Q

if the cell membrane were permeable to Na+ and K+ ions, then

A

Na+ and K+ ions would diffuse along their electrical and chemical gradients and would reach equilibrium

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167
Q

if the cell was at equilibrium in terms of ion concentrations and charge, their would be

A

no potential energy available for impulse transmission

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168
Q

Neuron Membrane at rest is polarized causing the cytoplasm inside to be relative to the

A

negatively charged relative to the outside

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169
Q

Neuron Membrane at rest is polarized

and the net negative charge in the cytoplasm attracts

A

all cations to the inside

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170
Q

Association neuron- interneuron does what

A

interprets message sent to it and passes the baton

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171
Q

association neuron stays where

A

inside the gray matter

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172
Q

efferent pathway starts from

A

your anterior horn through the ventral nerve root (no bump) exits spinal level becomes a longer motor nerve and synapses right at the muscle

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173
Q

When the cytoplasm has a net negative charge and attracts cations inside what leaks in despite membrane permeability

A

Na+

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174
Q

what keeps working to pump 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in

A

Na+-K+ ATPase, opposing the two concentration gradients (for Na+ and K+)

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175
Q

the resting potential

A

the electrochemical gradient at rest

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176
Q

cells use changes in membrane potential (voltage) to

A

exchange information

177
Q

voltage changes occur by two means:

A

changing the membrane permeability to an ion; or

changing the ion concentration on either side of the membrane

178
Q

voltage changes are made by what ion channels

A

passive channels – leaky: K+

active channels:

179
Q

active channels:

A

chemically gated – by neurotransmitters

voltage gated

180
Q

types of membrane potentials

A

graded potential and action potential

181
Q

graded potentials

A

graded = different levels of strength

dependent on strength of the stimulus

182
Q

action potentials

A

in response to graded potentials of significant strength
signal over long distances
all or nothing

183
Q

membrane graded potentials and action potentials may be either:

A

hyper polarizing or de polarizing

184
Q

hyperpolarizing

graded potentials and action potentials

A

increase membrane polarity

making the inside more negative

185
Q

depolarizing

graded potentials and action potentials

A

decreasing membrane polarity

making the inside less negative = more positive

186
Q

Graded Potential Propagation

A

bidirectional

ions flow down the membrane

signal strength dissipates away from the stimulus

187
Q

association-interneurons make up

A

99% of the neurons in our body

188
Q

association-interneurons do what

A

interpret messages

189
Q

Some association neurons don’t have an

A

output or motor neuron example: vision

190
Q

bipolar neurons

A

cell bodies in the middle
axon on each side
example eye

191
Q

More Properties of Graded Potentials

A

short lived and transient

local changes in membrane polarization status

the size of the voltage change varies with the intensity of the stimulus

stimulus strength decreases with the distance the potential travels away from the stimulus

these are characteristic of:

  • Receptor potentials
  • Postsynaptic potentials
  • Endplate potentials
192
Q

a nerve impulse (action potential) is generated in response to a

A

threshold graded potential

193
Q

depolarization

A
  • change in the membrane polarization
  • stimuli reach a threshold limit and open voltage-gated Na+ channels
  • Na+ ions rush into the cell –> down the Na+ concentration and electrical gradients
  • the cytoplasm inside the cell becomes positive
  • reverses membrane potential to +30 mV
194
Q

if a nerve is at rest it should be what sign

A

negative

195
Q

voltage

A

is the measure of stored or potential energy inside K or Na ions inside the axon

196
Q

point of reference if we are measuring the inside of a membrane

A

the outside

197
Q

The reason we call it a potential voltage

A

because the charge of the ions has the potential to switch

198
Q

local anesthetics prevent

A

opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels - prevent depolarization

199
Q

Sequence of Events in Action Potentials

A
  1. Resting membrane potential
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization 4. hyperpolarization
    5.
200
Q

depolarization

A

-stimulus strength reaches threshold limit
-voltage gated Na+ channels open
-Na+ flows into the cytoplasm
-More V-gated Na+ channels open
[positive feedback]

201
Q

Repolarization

A
  • voltage gated K+ channels open

- voltage gated Na+ channels close

202
Q

Hyperpolarization

A
  • gated Na+ channels are reset to closed

- membrane remains hyperpolarized until K+ channels close, causing the relative refractory period

203
Q

The All-or-None Principle

A

stimuli/neurotransmitters arrive and open some of the chemically-gated Na+ channels

204
Q

if stimuli reach the threshold level what occurs

A

depolarization. Then voltage-gated Na+ channels open

an Action Potential is generated which is constant and at maximum strength

205
Q

if stimuli do not reach the threshold level

A

nothing happens

206
Q

hyperpolarization defined

A

briefly the exterior of the membrane is more negative than resting potential voltage level

207
Q

prevention of the movement of ions is

A

resistance

208
Q

the greater resistance i have

A

the less action potential i have or current

209
Q

we always want to be at what milivolt

A

-70 or rest

210
Q

the only difference between the nervous system and muscular system is

A

how these gates/channels for Na and K work

211
Q

always have more what on the inside

A

K, thats why we start out with it

212
Q

leaky gates/channels cause what

A

there to always be a potential

213
Q

active channel means

A

one gate/channel is opened or closed and the action potential is happening

214
Q

if the channel/gate is passive it means

A

it does not close all the way

215
Q

resting membrane potential has to do with

A

starting out on the inside of the axon in the cytoplasm as negative

216
Q

when we flip the charge of a membrane that was at rest we

A

change the concentration

217
Q

when we switch that charge of a cell it is called

A

depolarization

218
Q

ions have the ability

A

to create an electrical current

219
Q

sodium channels open what occurs next

A

depolarization, action potential, going towards positive

220
Q

two types of membrane potentials specific to the nervous system

A

graded potentials

221
Q

graded potential means we

A

are going to have different levels of strength depending on how strong the stimulus is

222
Q

depending on how weak the stimulus is it may not

A

produce an action potential

223
Q

all of our potentials in all of the axons in the nervous system are known as

A

graded potentials

224
Q

can you pick up multiple sensory inputs and why

A

yes, because of graded potentials

225
Q

can you decide which graded potentials you want to turn into an action potential

A

yes

226
Q

the response of a stimulus depends on

A

how strong that stimulus is

227
Q

action potentials are in response to

A

graded potentials of significant strength

228
Q

the nervous system is designed that if my presynapse is weak then

A

nothing is going to happen

229
Q

if my presynaptic neurons message was to turn the postsynaptic neuron off. The only way it could ensure that is to

A

not send a signal there by becoming more negative aka hyperpolarized

230
Q

-90 milivolts from -70 milivolts happens by

A

sending more potassium in

231
Q

the only way you can turn a neuron off

A

by making it harder to get to positive

232
Q

+30 milivolts

A

point of no return neuron turned on

233
Q

fibrillation is when your heart

A

doesn’t rest

234
Q

hyperpolarization goes beyond _____ making it harder to create an ____ ensuring ______

A

rest making it harder to create an action potential ensuring rest

235
Q

excess K causes

A

hyperpolarizing

236
Q

depolarizing means more

A

K

237
Q

anesthetics

A

preventing the opening of sodium channels , through hyperpolarizing because of more K and resisting the current. Causing the impulse of that sensation to not be carried forward

238
Q

threshold

A

every cell has its own point of no return

239
Q

Threshold milivolt

A

+30

240
Q

If threshold is met then more Na+ channels being opened will

A

not effect that stimulus

241
Q

resetting

A

repolarizing

242
Q

When there cant be a second action potential

A

absolute refractory period

243
Q

the point when a neuron could possibly pick up another signal before coming back to rest could happen during and is called

A

during hyperpolarization known a relative refractory period

244
Q

conduction velocity

A

how fast or slow impulses conduct depending outside factors

245
Q

increases impulse speed

A

bigger diameter of neuron

if it is (myelinated) insulated

246
Q

bigger diameter of neuron does what

A

decreases resistance, increases speed

247
Q

demyelination of already myelinated fibers axons is caused by

A

autoimmune multiple sclerosis (MS)

248
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

parts of axons that aren’t myelinated

249
Q

impulses only conduct on

A

nodes of ranvier

250
Q

electrical synapses (gap junctions) are found where the have their own conduction system

A

heart

stomach

251
Q

chemical synapses (neurotransmitters) are found

A

everywhere else in nervous tissue

252
Q

two scenarios for postsynaptic

A

excitatory and inhibitory

253
Q

neurotransmitter acts as a light switch

A

turning on or of that postsynaptic neuron

254
Q

temporal summation

A

sending impulse over and over not allowing you to rest adding up the signal

255
Q

spatial summattion

A

touching you in two spots on your arm but it feels like one place

256
Q

saltatory conduction

A

means that the ions jumps over the myelinated portion to the bare area (node of ranvier)

257
Q

depending on what the presynaptic neurotransmitter is going to do the post synaptic neurotransmitter can

A

turn on- excitatory

turn off- Inhibitory

258
Q

Why would you ever want Hyperpolarization

A

to ensure that there is no signal or response to a stimulus

259
Q

true or false: could you have a strong enough stimulus to overcome that hyperpolarization

A

true

260
Q

what ion causes us to go to rest

A

K+

261
Q

hyperpolarizing means that we are

A

going beyond rest and leaving K channels open

262
Q

Is all or nothing always true in the nervous system?

A

no, because of graded potential

263
Q

Graded potential is what?

A

When you have multiple stimuli at once and the strength of the stimuli depends on which stimuli is all or nothing

264
Q

Are muscles all or none when it comes to neurons

A

Yes, because its only dealing with action potential

265
Q

Acetylcholine function

A

functions both in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and in the central nervous system (CNS). In the peripheral nervous system, acetylcholine activates muscles, and is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system.

266
Q

norepinephrine function

A

a “feel good” neurotransmitter is a chemical released from the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress. It is classified as a neurotransmitter, a chemical that is released from neurons. Because the release of norepinephrine affects other organs of the body, it is also referred to as a stress hormone.

267
Q

Low levels of norepinephrine hormone have been shown to

A

play a role in ADHD, depression, and low blood pressure.

268
Q

Dopamine is a

A

chemical in your brain to keep you emotionally balanced. … Dopamine is a chemical in your brain that affects your emotions, movements and your sensations of pleasure and pain. and a feel good neurotransmitter.

269
Q

Acetylcholine functional classes

A

nicotinic ACh- excitatory/direct action

muscarinic ACh-excitatory/inhibitor/indirect action

270
Q

dopamine functional classes

A

excitatory
inhibitory
indirect action

271
Q

serotonin functional classes

A

inhibitory
indirect action
direct action

272
Q

histamine functional classes

A

excitatory
inhibitor
indirect action

273
Q

GABA functional classes

A

inhibitory
direct action
indirect actions

274
Q

Glutamate functional classes

A

Excitatory

Direct action

275
Q

Serotonin function

A

plays a role in sleep, appetite, nausea, migrane headaches, and regulating mood. Drugs that block its uptake relieve anxiety and depression.

276
Q

Histamine function

A

involved in wakefulness, appetite control, and learning and memory.

277
Q

Gaba function

A

is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is very widely distributed in the neurons of the cortex. GABA contributes to motor control, vision, and many other cortical functions. It also regulates anxiety.

278
Q

Glutamate function

A

important in learning and memory. Also known as the stroke neurotransmitter.

279
Q

Glycine function

A

principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of CNS in the spinal cord, brain stem and retina.

280
Q

Endorphines function

A

Natural opiates; inhibit pain

281
Q

Somatostatin function

A

Often released with Gaba. Inhibits growth hormone release. In the hypothalamus, it regulates the secretion of hormones coming from the pituitary gland, including growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone. In the pancreas, somatostatin inhibits the secretion of pancreatic hormones, including glucagon and insulin

282
Q

Cholecytokinin function

A

involved in anxiety, pain, memory. Inhibits appetite.

283
Q

ATP function

A

ATP provokes pain sensations

284
Q

Adenosine Function

A

May be involved in sleep wake cycle and terminating seizures. Dilates arterioles, increasing blood flow to heart and other tissues as needed.

285
Q

Nitric oxide function

A

It releases potentiates stroke damage. Some types of male impotence treated by enhancing NO.

286
Q

Carbon monoxide function

A

Carbon monoxide is produced naturally by the human body as a signaling molecule. Thus, carbon monoxide may have a physiological role in the body, such as a neurotransmitter or a blood vessel relaxant.

287
Q

Endocannabinoids function

A

Involved in memory, appetite control, nausea and vomiting, neuronal development,. Receptors activated by thc.

288
Q

is the control center

A

brain

289
Q

brain has how many neurons

A

100 billion neurons

290
Q

Males brain kg

A

1.6 kg

291
Q

female brain kg

A

1.45kg

292
Q

Amount of foldings in the cerebrum and cerebellum tells us how

A

developed that brain is

293
Q

sulci are

A

valleys of the brain

294
Q

gyri are

A

hills of the brain

295
Q

5 lobes

A

insula, occipital, parietal, tempotal, frontal

296
Q

how many hemispheres in the brain

A

2 hemispheres

297
Q

pleasure center in the brain

A

hypothalamus

298
Q

Is the brain a colloid, supspension or solid

A

colloid

299
Q

colloid is

A

a jelly type material

300
Q

suspension is

A

blood

301
Q

thalamus is

A

-relay center (phone operator, every afferent efferent signal goes here to decide where that message goes to the brain)

302
Q

Brainstem – takes care of all

A

all of your vital signs (blood pressure, temp, oxygen, reflexes- emetic- throwing up)

303
Q

The amount of foldings in the cerebrum and cerebellum do what

A

determine our intelligence

304
Q

What makes up the brain stem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongota

305
Q

what year do all the myelinations and connections turn on

A

1st year of life

306
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • all of our working memory
  • learned response (baby in a crib)
  • every other lobe has to tap back into frontal lobe to know what to do
  • learned, stored and tapped back into
  • our personality is stored in our frontal lobe
  • characterisitics
  • voluntary motor control
307
Q

if you do not stimulate the frontal lobe between the first 5-7 years that will be their

A

personality

308
Q

To remember something better

A

associate two lobes together and attach it to your frontal lobe

309
Q

olfactory is and comes from

A

smell

temporal lobe

310
Q

auditory is and comes from

A

hearing and comes from temporal

311
Q

Brain is like what substance

A

colloid, not solidified

312
Q

Movement while memorizing causes us to

A

retain more.

313
Q

Precentral gyrus also known as

A

Primary Motor Area

314
Q

Precentral gyrus (Primary Motor Area) responsible for

A

our motor association area

Central Sulcus

315
Q

What cushions the brain

A

cerebral spinal fluid

316
Q

what shows us how developed a brain is?

A

the amount of foldings in the cerebrum and cerebellum or how defined our sulci/gyri are

317
Q

Postcentral sulcus also known as

A

(Primary somatosensory cortex)

318
Q

Postcentral sulcus (Primary somatosensory cortex) is responsible for

A

sensory association area

319
Q

Cortex means

A

outer covering

320
Q

medulla means

A

inside

321
Q

Occipital lobe is responsible for

A

Primary visual area

322
Q

what would a blow to the back of your head disrupt

A

your ability to interpret what you see

323
Q

Why are the sulci of a sheep more shallow than human brains

A

because they aren’t as developed as us

324
Q

insula

A

inside the middle of the brain

325
Q

Brocas area is

A

Articulation- all the motor components of speech- muscle/movement

326
Q

Wernike area

A

-interpretation of speech

327
Q

Wernike and brocas area together

A

function for us to speak

328
Q

Diencephalon is found

A

in between the cerebral hemispheres

329
Q

Diencephalon house all of our

A

thalamus regions
Hypothalamus
epithalamus
thalamus

330
Q

Hypothalamus has to do with the

A

endocrine system and our pleasure center

331
Q

Thalamus is what

A

your relay center

332
Q

Every signal has to go through the

A

thalamus to figure out where in the brain am I processing that information from

333
Q

Midbrain collectively takes care of all of your

A

vital signs

334
Q

Vital signs are

A

blood pressure
temp
oxygen

335
Q

Vital signs are

A

blood pressure
temp
oxygen
emetic center

336
Q

Emetic center does what

A

helps you to throw up

337
Q

cerebellum looks like

A

princess layas buns

338
Q

are the foldings on the cerebellum the same as the cerebrum

A

no

339
Q

The thalamus once it receives that sensory input it has to

A

send it somewhere thats going to help it process that sensory input so it can have a motor output

340
Q

Starts with sensory neuron… continue pathway

A

on afferent pathway, interneuron processes from the thalamus to somewhere else. Then that message is sent from the motor pathway to the efferent pathway. lastly the effect is produced

341
Q

All of your lobes are under what control

A

contralateral control (opposite side)

342
Q

Are a majority of reflexes learned

A

yes

343
Q

Learned responses get stored where

A

frontal lobe

344
Q

All of our working memory is where

A

frontal lobe

345
Q

-left brain tells which hand to move

A

right

346
Q

Every other lobe has to tap back here to what?

A

tap back into the frontal lobe to process what that is

347
Q

contralateral means

A

opposite side

348
Q

what develops your personality

A

frontal lobe

349
Q

cerebral dominance

A

motor control increased on one side

350
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side, hemisphere controlling that side. Doesn’t happen in the brain. Happens in spinal cord

351
Q

Where does ipsilateral happen in the body?

A

Doesn’t happen in the brain. Happens in spinal cord

352
Q

Ambidexterity

A

-motor control equal on both hemispheres

353
Q

-seen in dyslexia (is because they don’t pick a dominant hemisphere)

A

Ambidexterity

354
Q
  • caudate nucleus is important because
A

it determines parkinson’s disease

355
Q

Smell (olfactory) and hearing (auditory) come from

A

temporal lobe

356
Q

parkinson’s disease is

A

break down of this part of our brain

357
Q

Voluntary motor (learning to walk and talk) control is in what lobe

A

frontal

358
Q

head band or central sulcis separates the

A

frontal from parietal lobe

359
Q

central sulcis has what infront and behind it

A

bumps

Precentral Gyris and post central gyrus

360
Q

Precentral Gyrus is responsible for our

A

motor association area

361
Q

Almost everywhere in the brain is an

A

association area that interprets information

362
Q

Postcentral gyrus works with

A

sensory information

363
Q

Postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex) and precentral gyrus (Primary Motor Area) have to work with, and why

A

the frontal lobe to relay that experience back to memory

364
Q

Occipital lobe is found

A

the base of the head

365
Q

primary visual association area is found where

A

on the occipital lobe

366
Q

a blow to the back of the head would disrupt

A

interpretation of vision

367
Q

motor components of or articulation of speech are from where in the brain

A

broca

368
Q

interpretation of speech

A

wernikes

369
Q

Cerebral palsey happens fro,

A

a lack oxygen during birth

370
Q

what would happen in a patient that would have wernikes affected

A

struggling to interpert speech

371
Q

what would happen to a patient tthat has brocas

A

struggling to actually speak

372
Q

Parietal lobe is the

A

post and precentral gyrus

373
Q

Parietal lobe deals most with

A

associating all of our sensory input

374
Q

homunculus

A

brain map maps out the parietal lobe

375
Q

biggest area for sensory in adults

A

hands

376
Q

biggest area for sensory in babies

A

mouth

377
Q

cerebral hemispheres all of the lobes are under what control

A

contralateral

378
Q

Afferent and efferent pathways cross

A

towards the brain to get that association done

379
Q

Can we switch our cerebral dominance

A

yes

380
Q

prior to creating that cerebral dominance is

A

dyslexia

381
Q

basil nuclei are

A

found intertwined in the brain. a bundle of ganglia (neurons) in the dienchepleon (gray matter found within white matter)

382
Q

Gray matter means they dont have

A

myelin and are slower

383
Q

makes up the basil nuclei

A

claudate nucleus

384
Q

The deterioration of gray mater in the basil nuclei and claudate nucleus is important because it causes

A

parkinsions dieases

385
Q

Signs of parkinson dieses

A

resting tremors

stoic face

386
Q

Limbic system

A

intertwines with everything else in the brain.

387
Q

Limbic system is known as

A

your emotional center

388
Q

road rage
blowing up
yelling
come from

A

the limbic system

389
Q

What happens when your limbic system is in control

A

affects blood pressure
vital signs
puts sympathetic (fight or flight) nervous system in over drive

390
Q

one of the great things about the limbic system is

A

any time you create a response in the limbic system you lock that memory into your frontal lobe and works with other lobes

391
Q

how is ptsd created

A

limbic system

392
Q

Where is the limbic system

A

a ring around the brain stem

393
Q

Your emotions (limbic system) are

A

grasping all of your vital signs

394
Q

controls all of our hormones

A

hypothalamus

395
Q

Substansia nigra is found

A

in the midbrain

396
Q

What does the mid brain do

A

motor coordination involvement

397
Q

pincer graps is what

A

that fine motor coordination happening in the midbrain

398
Q

folia

A

folds on the cerebellum

399
Q

arbor vitae can be seen when you cut what medially

A

the cerebellum

400
Q

arbor vite controls

A

coordination
balance
proprioception

401
Q

proprioception means

A

tells you where your body is in space

402
Q

All of our joints are all lined with

A

proprioreceptors sending messages to cerebellum telling us where our body is in space

403
Q

Everything you test for in drunk people takes place in your

A

cerebellum

404
Q

how do you know first thing when you wake up that you’re laying supine

A

your cerebellum is giving you that proprioception

405
Q

Number one reason for falls in the nursing home

A

because the cerebellum starts to deteriorate

406
Q

decreasing cerebellum deteriorating

A

a wobble board, work on balance

407
Q

longitudinal fissure is attached by a c of white matter known as

A

the corpus callosum

408
Q

corpus callosum is made up of specific fibers called

A

commisural fibers that communicate

409
Q

Our corpus callosum and its commisural fibers do what

A

allow our right and left hemispheres to talk to each other

410
Q

An absence of corpus callosum causes

A

developmentally delayed overall

411
Q

RAS

A

Reticular activating system

412
Q

Reticular activating system looks like what and starts where?

A

a tree and fiber starts from the brain stem and branch through all the lobes of the brain

413
Q

when your brain is turned up, aka LSD or acid what is activated

A

Reticular activating system (sensory overload)

414
Q

Why do we have Reticular activating system

A

all of our brain is turned on and its a highly alerting system (sense of danger and ability to respond to what is around us). Also brings us from sleep to wake.

415
Q

causes us to be alert

sleep to awake and consciously allows us to heighten all of our sense

A

Reticular activating system

416
Q

EEG

A

Measurement of brain waves (electro encephilo gram)

417
Q

Four major types of brain waves

A

Alpha waves
Beta waves
Delta waves
Theta waves

418
Q

Alpha waves

A

resting adults whose eyes are closed

419
Q

Beta waves

A

adults that are concentrating on a specific task

420
Q

Delta waves

A

deep sleep. clinical disorders (night terrors, sleep walking)

421
Q

Theta waves

A

adults under stress and sleep

422
Q

Cranial nerve- anything coming off of the under side of the brain (PNS) nemonic

A 
I Oh- Olfactory 
II Oh-  Optic 
III Oh- Oculomotor 
IV To- Trochlear 
V Touch- Trigeminal 
VI And- Abducens
VII Feel- Facial 
VIII Very- vestibulocochlear
IX Good- Glossopharyngeal 
X Velvet- Vegas
XI Ah- Accessory
XII Hah- Hypoglossal
423
Q

Alzheimers dieseases

A

deterioration of gray matter of the brain. processing difficulty. (Memory loss

424
Q

Dementia

A

Holes starting to form in brain. Confusion

425
Q

Cranial nerve- anything coming off of the under side of the brain (PNS) nemonic

A 
I Oh- Olfactory 
II Oh-  Optic 
III Oh- Oculomotor 
IV To- Trochlear 
V Touch- Trigeminal 
VI And- Abducens
VII Feel- Facial 
VIII Very- vestibulocochlear
IX Good- Glossopharyngeal 
X Velvet- Vegus
XI Ah- Accessory
XII Hah- Hypoglossal
426
Q

Menegies

A

pads around the entire nervous system Dura matter (outer cover), Arachnoid, Pia mater (inner layer)

427
Q

Cranial Nerves can be sensory
motor
both

A 
Some- Sensory 
Say- Sensory 
Marry- 
Money- 
But- 
My- 
Brother- 
Says-
Big 
Butts 
Matter 
More
428
Q

Optic is

A

vision

429
Q

Oculomotor is

A

moving eyes

430
Q

Trochlear

A

eye movement

431
Q

Trigeminal is

A

(several branches to the face)

432
Q

Abducens control

A

controls the movement of a single muscle, the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.

433
Q

Facial nerve controls

A

controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity.

434
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve is responsible for

A

is responsible for both hearing and balance and brings information from the inner ear to the brain. A human’s sense of equilibrium is determined by this nerve. Two special organs help the nerve function properly: the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus.

435
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve receives and aids

A

receiving various forms of sensory fibers from parts of the tongue, carotid body, the tonsils, the pharynx, and the middle ear. Aids the body with rest and digestion processes and swallowing.

436
Q

vagus nerve function

A

vagus forms part of the involuntary nervous system and commands unconscious body procedures, such as keeping the heart rate constant and controlling food digestion.

437
Q

accessory nerve provides

A

motor function to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which extends the neck and the trapezius, as well as the upper back and shoulder.

438
Q

hypoglossal nerve function

A

provides motor control of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

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