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Chapter 1 BIO Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy means…

A

The study of the structures

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2
Q

Physiology is…

A

The study of how all the structures come together to work and how they function together.

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3
Q

Gross anatomy

A

The whole thing

Could be the whole body or whole structure (arm)

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4
Q

Regional anatomy

A

an area, ex head neck and torso

Ex lower extremities

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5
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

The study of each SYSTEM and the structures involved in each and how they work

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6
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Everything you can see

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7
Q

Microscopic anatomy contains

A

Cytology

Histology

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8
Q

Cytology

A

Internal cell structures

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9
Q

Histology

A

Is the study of tissues composed of different cell types

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10
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

Anatomy as we grow and change child vs adult

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11
Q

Neurophysiology

A

the physiology of the nervous system

The study of how nervous system comes together and works

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12
Q

Renal physiology

A

The study of how the kidneys function

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13
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

The study of how the heart and blood vessels come together and work

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14
Q

Respiratory physiology

A

The study of how the 3 major parts of the respiratory system: the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration work.

The airway, which includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, carries air between the lungs and the body’s exterior. The lungs…

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15
Q

Endocrine physiology

A

Endocrine physiology is the study of how the endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things works.

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16
Q

Muscle physiology

A

The study of how the muscles work

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17
Q

Gastrointestinal physiology

A

The study of how the digestive system works

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18
Q

Digestive system

A

Disgestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract—also called the digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine—which includes the rectum—and anus.

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19
Q

Reproductive physiology

A

The study of how the reproductive system works

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20
Q

Topics of physiology at the system level

A 
A. Neurophysiology 
B. Renal
C. Cardiovascular 
D. Respiratory 
E. Endocrine 
F. Muscle 
G. Gastrointestinal 
H. Reproductive
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21
Q

Topics of physiology at various organizational levels

A

A. Cellular Physiology
B. Animal physiology
C. Pathophysiology

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22
Q

Cellular physiology

A

Cell physiology (including cellular electrophysiology) is the biological study of the activities which take place in a cell to keep it alive.

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23
Q

Animal physiology

A

The study of how animals function

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24
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of how diseases work

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25
Q

Function ____ on structure

A

Dependent

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26
Q

Function is also specific to

A

Location

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27
Q

The hierarchy of structural organization

A
  1. Chemical
    -atoms combine to form molecules
  2. Cellular
    -cells are made up of molecules
  3. Tissue
    -tissues consist of similar types cells
  4. Organ
    -organs are made up of different types of tissues
  5. Organ System
    -organ system consist of different organs that work together closely
  6. Organismal
    The human organism is made up of many organ system
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28
Q

Chemicals are made up of

A

Atoms and bonds

Ex: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

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29
Q

Molecules are made up of

A 
Small inorganic 
Small organic
Proteins 
Carbohydrates 
Lipids 
Nucleic acids
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30
Q

Cells are made up of

A

Cytoplasm and organelles assembled from various molecules

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31
Q

Molecules are

A

group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.

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32
Q

Cells make up?

A

The basic structural and functional units of an organism

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33
Q

Cells are specialized for?

A

Particular functions

Ex: muscle cells are specialized for contracting

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34
Q

Cell organelles are?

A

Subcompartments with specialized tasks

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35
Q

Tissue level is?

A

Are groups of different cell types cooperate to perform specific functions

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36
Q

Organ level is?

A

Two or more different tissue types are organized to perform specific functions

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37
Q

Organ system level

A

Connected organs that cooperate in related function

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38
Q

Organismal level

A

All of the organ systems working together to maintain life constitute the living organism

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39
Q

Cell

A

Smallest unit of life

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40
Q

Cells put together form

A

Tissue aka histology

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41
Q

Tissue come together

A

To form a specialized functions organs

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42
Q

Necessary life functions

A

1) maintaining boundaries
2) movement
3) responsiveness
4) digestion
5) metabolism
6) excretion
7) reproduction
8) growth

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43
Q

Maintaining boundaries is

A

Keeping inside separate from the outside

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44
Q

Movement life function is

A 
Motion of the whole body
Individual cells 
Respiratory 
Organelles 
GI TRACT
Everything moving
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45
Q

Responsiveness life functions is

FMQ

A

Detecting and responding to changes in the internal/external environments
Ex: cellular level responding
Ex: Walking into a room and detecting that it’s cold and responding to it

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46
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down food and absorbing the nutrients

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47
Q

Metabolism is

A

All biochemical processes in the body
A. Catabolism
B. Anabolism

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48
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown reactions

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49
Q

Anabolism

A

Builds

Synthetic reactions

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50
Q

Excretion

A

Removing waste from the body

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51
Q

Reproduction

A

Formation of new cells for the growth, repair, replacement

Cellular level

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52
Q

Growth

A

On cellular level

Increasing the size, complexity and number of cells we grow

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53
Q

Survival needs

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
  4. Normal body temp
  5. Atmospheric pressure- does not need to be in as narrow of a range. Ex: airplane
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54
Q

Homeostasis

A

Ying yang

Ability to maintain stable (balanced) internal conditions even though the outside world changes constantly

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55
Q

Homeostasis is important for

A

Maintaining physiological limits

Ex:
Multiple organs and systems are working all the time
Cells and organs need a relatively constant internal environment
The internal environment stays with in limits due to stability of body fluid composition

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56
Q

Homeostatic systems three basic components

A
  1. Receptor
    - afferent pathway (a first)
  2. Control center
    - efferent pathway (produces the effect)
  3. Effector
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57
Q

Homeostatic situation

A 
Stimulus 
Receptor 
Input 
Output 
Effector 
Response
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58
Q

Characteristics common to all living things

A 
Organization- simple to complex 
Metabolism 
Growth/development 
Responsiveness 
Regulation- homeostasis 
Reproduction
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59
Q

Integumentary system

A

The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails).

60
Q

Sagittal

A

Sagittal: A vertical plane passing through the standing body from front to back. The mid-sagital, or median, plane splits the body into left and right halves.

61
Q

Medial

A

Medial: 1. Pertaining to the middle; in or toward the middle; nearer the middle of the body. Medial is as opposed to lateral. For example, the medial side of the knee is the side closest to the other knee whereas the lateral side of the knee is the outside of the knee.

62
Q

Example of medial

A

Heart is medial to the lungs

63
Q

Parietal

A

Outer wall of a body cavity

64
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from

the median plane

65
Q

Negative feedback control

A

Results in a return to homeostatic equilibrium because the response reduce stimulus (stress)
Going from hot imbalance to balance to cold imbalance to balance

66
Q

Positive feedback control

A

Results in a shift to a new homeostatic equilibrium because the response increase the stimulus level (stress)
Snowball effect

67
Q

Regulation of blood glucose
And body temp
And most othe physiological mechanisms
is what type of feedback control

A

Negative
Response creates new stimulus
Response reduces stimulus

68
Q

Blood clotting
Immune responses
Pregnancy
Are what feed back

A

Positive feedback control

Stimulus creates new equilibrium

69
Q

Homeostatic imbalances

A

Pathological process with a particular set of characteristics in which some or all parts of the body are not performing correctly

70
Q

Pleural

A

Cavity that holds the lungs

71
Q

Mediastinum

A

Cavity that is inbetween the lungs

72
Q

Paricardium

A

Heart cavity

73
Q

Visceral

A

Inner membrane on organ wall

74
Q

Parietal

A

The outer membrane on the body wall

75
Q

Serous fluid movement

A

Fluid that is inbetween the parietal and visceral

76
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

Towards the head

77
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Towards the feet

78
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Toward the front

79
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body

Spine

80
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body or spine

81
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a more medial and lateral structure

82
Q

Epithelium

A

Epithelium, in anatomy, layer of cells closely bound to one another to form continuous sheets covering surfaces that may come into contact with foreign substances. Epithelium occurs in both plants and animals.

Tissue

83
Q

Negative feedback is?

A

When homeostasis does the opposite of the original stimulus

84
Q

Positive feedback

A

Doing the same of the original stimulus

85
Q

2 examples of positive feedback in the body

A

Blood clotting- continually releases pallets to clot blo

Oxytocin- causes uterine contractions till baby is born

86
Q

Matter

A

All living and no living things consist of matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass

87
Q

3 states of matter

A

Liquid, solid, gas

88
Q

Are mass and weight the same this on earth

A

Yes

89
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work

90
Q

Types of energy

A

Kinetic

Potential

91
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

92
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored

93
Q

Electrons are

A

Negative charged

Orbit nucleus

94
Q

Protons are

A

Positive

Inside nucleus

95
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutral

Inside the nucleus

96
Q

When an atom is neutral what does that mean?

A

Equal amount of protons and neutrons

97
Q

Isotope

A

Unequal amount of protons and electrons

98
Q

Molecule

A

An atom combined with itself

H2

99
Q

Compound

A

Atom with another atom
H2O
H2 + O

100
Q

Forms of energy

A

Chemical
Electrical
Mechanical
Radiant

101
Q

Chemical energy

A

Making and breaking of chemical bonds

102
Q

Electrical energy

A

The movement of charged particles

103
Q

Mechanical energy

A

Movement of matter

104
Q

Radiant energy

A

Light or electromagnetic radiation

105
Q

Element

A

Substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary type of atoms
Composed of specific types of atoms

106
Q

Periodic table contains

A

Elements

107
Q

H, C, O, N are examples of

A

Most common types of elements

108
Q

Atomic number is

A

Number of protons in the nucleus

109
Q

Number of protons makes

A

Atoms of one element differ from atoms of other elements

110
Q

How are atoms combined

A

Through molecules and compounds

111
Q

Molecules that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements are

A

Compounds

112
Q

Demonstrates New characteristics of combined atoms that are different from individual element

A

Compound g

113
Q

types of mixtures

A

Solutions
Colloids
Suspensions

114
Q

Solutions

A

Mixture of two or more molecules. Includes solvent and solute.
Are homogeneous- can’t see with the naked eye but there are two separate entities

115
Q

Solvent

A

Medium in which others are mixed

Ex-water

116
Q

Water is a

A

Solvent

117
Q

Salt water and blood plasma are examples of

A

Solutions

118
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Inner membrane on the heart

119
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Outer membrane on the heart

120
Q

Right hypochondriac region contains

A

Lateral with epigastric region
Liver
Gall bladder

121
Q

Epigastric region

A

Heart

Superior and midline to other regions

122
Q

Left hypochondriac region

A

Diaphragm

Lateral to epigastric region

123
Q

Right lumbar region

A

Lateral to umbilical region

Large intestine

124
Q

Umbilical region

A

Midline
Contains small intestines
And large

125
Q

Left lumbar region

A

Lateral to umbilical region

Contains small intestine

126
Q

Right iliac region

A

Inguinal
Cecum
Appendix

127
Q

Cecum

A

A pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines

128
Q

Hypogastric region

A

Pubic

Urinary bladder

129
Q

Left iliac region

A

Lateral to hypogastric region

Initial part of signals colon

130
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Lines the pericardial cavity

131
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Covers the heart

132
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Lines the thoracic cavity

133
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Covers most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

134
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Lines the abdominopelvic cavity

135
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

136
Q

Appendicitis

A

Right lower quadrant

Right iliac or inguinal region

137
Q

Cranial cavity is a part of the what cavity

A

Dorsal

138
Q

Spleen organ is a part of what system

A

The lymphatic system

139
Q

Body system that acts as fast acting control for the body systems

A

Nervous

140
Q

What system produces blood cells

A

Skeletal

141
Q

What does the visceral pericardium cover

A

Organs

142
Q

Are thumbs pointing medially anatomical position

A

No

143
Q

The body cavity that houses the lungs is

A

Pleural cavity

144
Q

Cavity between the bones at the joint is an

A

The synovial cavity

145
Q

Positron emission tomography PET

A

Excels in observing metabolic process

Bio (22 decks)

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