Chapter 1 BIO Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy means…
A
The study of the structures
2
Q
Physiology is…
A
The study of how all the structures come together to work and how they function together.
3
Q
Gross anatomy
A
The whole thing
Could be the whole body or whole structure (arm)
4
Q
Regional anatomy
A
an area, ex head neck and torso
Ex lower extremities
5
Q
Systemic anatomy
A
The study of each SYSTEM and the structures involved in each and how they work
6
Q
Surface anatomy
A
Everything you can see
7
Q
Microscopic anatomy contains
A
Cytology
Histology
8
Q
Cytology
A
Internal cell structures
9
Q
Histology
A
Is the study of tissues composed of different cell types
10
Q
Developmental anatomy
A
Anatomy as we grow and change child vs adult
11
Q
Neurophysiology
A
the physiology of the nervous system
The study of how nervous system comes together and works
12
Q
Renal physiology
A
The study of how the kidneys function
13
Q
Cardiovascular physiology
A
The study of how the heart and blood vessels come together and work
14
Q
Respiratory physiology
A
The study of how the 3 major parts of the respiratory system: the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration work.
The airway, which includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, carries air between the lungs and the body’s exterior. The lungs…
15
Q
Endocrine physiology
A
Endocrine physiology is the study of how the endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things works.
16
Q
Muscle physiology
A
The study of how the muscles work
17
Q
Gastrointestinal physiology
A
The study of how the digestive system works
18
Q
Digestive system
A
Disgestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract—also called the digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine—which includes the rectum—and anus.
19
Q
Reproductive physiology
A
The study of how the reproductive system works
20
Q
Topics of physiology at the system level
A
A. Neurophysiology B. Renal C. Cardiovascular D. Respiratory E. Endocrine F. Muscle G. Gastrointestinal H. Reproductive
21
Q
Topics of physiology at various organizational levels
A
A. Cellular Physiology
B. Animal physiology
C. Pathophysiology
22
Q
Cellular physiology
A
Cell physiology (including cellular electrophysiology) is the biological study of the activities which take place in a cell to keep it alive.
23
Q
Animal physiology
A
The study of how animals function
24
Q
Pathophysiology
A
The study of how diseases work
25
Function ____ on structure
Dependent
26
Function is also specific to
Location
27
The hierarchy of structural organization
1. Chemical
-atoms combine to form molecules
2. Cellular
-cells are made up of molecules
3. Tissue
-tissues consist of similar types cells
4. Organ
-organs are made up of different types of tissues
5. Organ System
-organ system consist of different organs that work together closely
6. Organismal
The human organism is made up of many organ system
28
Chemicals are made up of
Atoms and bonds
| Ex: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
29
Molecules are made up of
```
Small inorganic
Small organic
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
```
30
Cells are made up of
Cytoplasm and organelles assembled from various molecules
31
Molecules are
group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
32
Cells make up?
The basic structural and functional units of an organism
33
Cells are specialized for?
Particular functions
| Ex: muscle cells are specialized for contracting
34
Cell organelles are?
Subcompartments with specialized tasks
35
Tissue level is?
Are groups of different cell types cooperate to perform specific functions
36
Organ level is?
Two or more different tissue types are organized to perform specific functions
37
Organ system level
Connected organs that cooperate in related function
38
Organismal level
All of the organ systems working together to maintain life constitute the living organism
39
Cell
Smallest unit of life
40
Cells put together form
Tissue aka histology
41
Tissue come together
To form a specialized functions organs
42
Necessary life functions
1) maintaining boundaries
2) movement
3) responsiveness
4) digestion
5) metabolism
6) excretion
7) reproduction
8) growth
43
Maintaining boundaries is
Keeping inside separate from the outside
44
Movement life function is
```
Motion of the whole body
Individual cells
Respiratory
Organelles
GI TRACT
Everything moving
```
45
Responsiveness life functions is
| FMQ
Detecting and responding to changes in the internal/external environments
Ex: cellular level responding
Ex: Walking into a room and detecting that it's cold and responding to it
46
Digestion
Breaking down food and absorbing the nutrients
47
Metabolism is
All biochemical processes in the body
A. Catabolism
B. Anabolism
48
Catabolism
Breakdown reactions
49
Anabolism
Builds
| Synthetic reactions
50
Excretion
Removing waste from the body
51
Reproduction
Formation of new cells for the growth, repair, replacement
Cellular level
52
Growth
On cellular level
| Increasing the size, complexity and number of cells we grow
53
Survival needs
1. Nutrients
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. Normal body temp
5. Atmospheric pressure- does not need to be in as narrow of a range. Ex: airplane
54
Homeostasis
Ying yang
| Ability to maintain stable (balanced) internal conditions even though the outside world changes constantly
55
Homeostasis is important for
Maintaining physiological limits
Ex:
Multiple organs and systems are working all the time
Cells and organs need a relatively constant internal environment
The internal environment stays with in limits due to stability of body fluid composition
56
Homeostatic systems three basic components
1. Receptor
- afferent pathway (a first)
2. Control center
- efferent pathway (produces the effect)
3. Effector
57
Homeostatic situation
```
Stimulus
Receptor
Input
Output
Effector
Response
```
58
Characteristics common to all living things
```
Organization- simple to complex
Metabolism
Growth/development
Responsiveness
Regulation- homeostasis
Reproduction
```
59
Integumentary system
The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails).
60
Sagittal
Sagittal: A vertical plane passing through the standing body from front to back. The mid-sagital, or median, plane splits the body into left and right halves.
61
Medial
Medial: 1. Pertaining to the middle; in or toward the middle; nearer the middle of the body. Medial is as opposed to lateral. For example, the medial side of the knee is the side closest to the other knee whereas the lateral side of the knee is the outside of the knee.
62
Example of medial
Heart is medial to the lungs
63
Parietal
Outer wall of a body cavity
64
Abduction
Movement away from
| the median plane
65
Negative feedback control
Results in a return to homeostatic equilibrium because the response reduce stimulus (stress)
Going from hot imbalance to balance to cold imbalance to balance
66
Positive feedback control
Results in a shift to a new homeostatic equilibrium because the response increase the stimulus level (stress)
Snowball effect
67
Regulation of blood glucose
And body temp
And most othe physiological mechanisms
is what type of feedback control
Negative
Response creates new stimulus
Response reduces stimulus
68
Blood clotting
Immune responses
Pregnancy
Are what feed back
Positive feedback control
| Stimulus creates new equilibrium
69
Homeostatic imbalances
Pathological process with a particular set of characteristics in which some or all parts of the body are not performing correctly
70
Pleural
Cavity that holds the lungs
71
Mediastinum
Cavity that is inbetween the lungs
72
Paricardium
Heart cavity
73
Visceral
Inner membrane on organ wall
74
Parietal
The outer membrane on the body wall
75
Serous fluid movement
Fluid that is inbetween the parietal and visceral
76
Superior (cranial)
Towards the head
77
Inferior (caudal)
Towards the feet
78
Anterior (ventral)
Toward the front
79
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
| Spine
80
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body or spine
81
Intermediate
Between a more medial and lateral structure
82
Epithelium
Epithelium, in anatomy, layer of cells closely bound to one another to form continuous sheets covering surfaces that may come into contact with foreign substances. Epithelium occurs in both plants and animals.
Tissue
83
Negative feedback is?
When homeostasis does the opposite of the original stimulus
84
Positive feedback
Doing the same of the original stimulus
85
2 examples of positive feedback in the body
Blood clotting- continually releases pallets to clot blo
| Oxytocin- causes uterine contractions till baby is born
86
Matter
All living and no living things consist of matter
| Anything that occupies space and has mass
87
3 states of matter
Liquid, solid, gas
88
Are mass and weight the same this on earth
Yes
89
Energy
The ability to do work
90
Types of energy
Kinetic
| Potential
91
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
92
Potential energy
Stored
93
Electrons are
Negative charged
| Orbit nucleus
94
Protons are
Positive
| Inside nucleus
95
Neutrons
Neutral
| Inside the nucleus
96
When an atom is neutral what does that mean?
Equal amount of protons and neutrons
97
Isotope
Unequal amount of protons and electrons
98
Molecule
An atom combined with itself
| H2
99
Compound
Atom with another atom
H2O
H2 + O
100
Forms of energy
Chemical
Electrical
Mechanical
Radiant
101
Chemical energy
Making and breaking of chemical bonds
102
Electrical energy
The movement of charged particles
103
Mechanical energy
Movement of matter
104
Radiant energy
Light or electromagnetic radiation
105
Element
Substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary type of atoms
Composed of specific types of atoms
106
Periodic table contains
Elements
107
H, C, O, N are examples of
Most common types of elements
108
Atomic number is
Number of protons in the nucleus
109
Number of protons makes
Atoms of one element differ from atoms of other elements
110
How are atoms combined
Through molecules and compounds
111
Molecules that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements are
Compounds
112
Demonstrates New characteristics of combined atoms that are different from individual element
Compound g
113
types of mixtures
Solutions
Colloids
Suspensions
114
Solutions
Mixture of two or more molecules. Includes solvent and solute.
Are homogeneous- can't see with the naked eye but there are two separate entities
115
Solvent
Medium in which others are mixed
| Ex-water
116
Water is a
Solvent
117
Salt water and blood plasma are examples of
Solutions
118
Visceral pericardium
Inner membrane on the heart
119
Parietal pericardium
Outer membrane on the heart
120
Right hypochondriac region contains
Lateral with epigastric region
Liver
Gall bladder
121
Epigastric region
Heart
| Superior and midline to other regions
122
Left hypochondriac region
Diaphragm
| Lateral to epigastric region
123
Right lumbar region
Lateral to umbilical region
| Large intestine
124
Umbilical region
Midline
Contains small intestines
And large
125
Left lumbar region
Lateral to umbilical region
| Contains small intestine
126
Right iliac region
Inguinal
Cecum
Appendix
127
Cecum
A pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines
128
Hypogastric region
Pubic
| Urinary bladder
129
Left iliac region
Lateral to hypogastric region
| Initial part of signals colon
130
Parietal pericardium
Lines the pericardial cavity
131
Visceral pericardium
Covers the heart
132
Parietal pleura
Lines the thoracic cavity
133
Visceral peritoneum
Covers most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
134
Parietal peritoneum
Lines the abdominopelvic cavity
135
Cervical
Neck
136
Appendicitis
Right lower quadrant
| Right iliac or inguinal region
137
Cranial cavity is a part of the what cavity
Dorsal
138
Spleen organ is a part of what system
The lymphatic system
139
Body system that acts as fast acting control for the body systems
Nervous
140
What system produces blood cells
Skeletal
141
What does the visceral pericardium cover
Organs
142
Are thumbs pointing medially anatomical position
No
143
The body cavity that houses the lungs is
Pleural cavity
144
Cavity between the bones at the joint is an
The synovial cavity
145
Positron emission tomography PET
Excels in observing metabolic process
