Chapter 1 BIO Flashcards
Anatomy means…
The study of the structures
Physiology is…
The study of how all the structures come together to work and how they function together.
Gross anatomy
The whole thing
Could be the whole body or whole structure (arm)
Regional anatomy
an area, ex head neck and torso
Ex lower extremities
Systemic anatomy
The study of each SYSTEM and the structures involved in each and how they work
Surface anatomy
Everything you can see
Microscopic anatomy contains
Cytology
Histology
Cytology
Internal cell structures
Histology
Is the study of tissues composed of different cell types
Developmental anatomy
Anatomy as we grow and change child vs adult
Neurophysiology
the physiology of the nervous system
The study of how nervous system comes together and works
Renal physiology
The study of how the kidneys function
Cardiovascular physiology
The study of how the heart and blood vessels come together and work
Respiratory physiology
The study of how the 3 major parts of the respiratory system: the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration work.
The airway, which includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, carries air between the lungs and the body’s exterior. The lungs…
Endocrine physiology
Endocrine physiology is the study of how the endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things works.
Muscle physiology
The study of how the muscles work
Gastrointestinal physiology
The study of how the digestive system works
Digestive system
Disgestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract—also called the digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine—which includes the rectum—and anus.
Reproductive physiology
The study of how the reproductive system works
Topics of physiology at the system level
A. Neurophysiology B. Renal C. Cardiovascular D. Respiratory E. Endocrine F. Muscle G. Gastrointestinal H. Reproductive
Topics of physiology at various organizational levels
A. Cellular Physiology
B. Animal physiology
C. Pathophysiology
Cellular physiology
Cell physiology (including cellular electrophysiology) is the biological study of the activities which take place in a cell to keep it alive.
Animal physiology
The study of how animals function
Pathophysiology
The study of how diseases work
Function ____ on structure
Dependent
Function is also specific to
Location
The hierarchy of structural organization
- Chemical
-atoms combine to form molecules - Cellular
-cells are made up of molecules - Tissue
-tissues consist of similar types cells - Organ
-organs are made up of different types of tissues - Organ System
-organ system consist of different organs that work together closely - Organismal
The human organism is made up of many organ system
Chemicals are made up of
Atoms and bonds
Ex: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
Molecules are made up of
Small inorganic Small organic Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids
Cells are made up of
Cytoplasm and organelles assembled from various molecules
Molecules are
group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
Cells make up?
The basic structural and functional units of an organism
Cells are specialized for?
Particular functions
Ex: muscle cells are specialized for contracting
Cell organelles are?
Subcompartments with specialized tasks
Tissue level is?
Are groups of different cell types cooperate to perform specific functions
Organ level is?
Two or more different tissue types are organized to perform specific functions
Organ system level
Connected organs that cooperate in related function
Organismal level
All of the organ systems working together to maintain life constitute the living organism
Cell
Smallest unit of life
Cells put together form
Tissue aka histology
Tissue come together
To form a specialized functions organs
Necessary life functions
1) maintaining boundaries
2) movement
3) responsiveness
4) digestion
5) metabolism
6) excretion
7) reproduction
8) growth
Maintaining boundaries is
Keeping inside separate from the outside
Movement life function is
Motion of the whole body Individual cells Respiratory Organelles GI TRACT Everything moving
Responsiveness life functions is
FMQ
Detecting and responding to changes in the internal/external environments
Ex: cellular level responding
Ex: Walking into a room and detecting that it’s cold and responding to it
Digestion
Breaking down food and absorbing the nutrients
Metabolism is
All biochemical processes in the body
A. Catabolism
B. Anabolism
Catabolism
Breakdown reactions
Anabolism
Builds
Synthetic reactions
Excretion
Removing waste from the body
Reproduction
Formation of new cells for the growth, repair, replacement
Cellular level
Growth
On cellular level
Increasing the size, complexity and number of cells we grow
Survival needs
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Normal body temp
- Atmospheric pressure- does not need to be in as narrow of a range. Ex: airplane
Homeostasis
Ying yang
Ability to maintain stable (balanced) internal conditions even though the outside world changes constantly
Homeostasis is important for
Maintaining physiological limits
Ex:
Multiple organs and systems are working all the time
Cells and organs need a relatively constant internal environment
The internal environment stays with in limits due to stability of body fluid composition
Homeostatic systems three basic components
- Receptor
- afferent pathway (a first) - Control center
- efferent pathway (produces the effect) - Effector
Homeostatic situation
Stimulus Receptor Input Output Effector Response
Characteristics common to all living things
Organization- simple to complex Metabolism Growth/development Responsiveness Regulation- homeostasis Reproduction
Integumentary system
The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails).
Sagittal
Sagittal: A vertical plane passing through the standing body from front to back. The mid-sagital, or median, plane splits the body into left and right halves.
Medial
Medial: 1. Pertaining to the middle; in or toward the middle; nearer the middle of the body. Medial is as opposed to lateral. For example, the medial side of the knee is the side closest to the other knee whereas the lateral side of the knee is the outside of the knee.
Example of medial
Heart is medial to the lungs
Parietal
Outer wall of a body cavity
Abduction
Movement away from
the median plane
Negative feedback control
Results in a return to homeostatic equilibrium because the response reduce stimulus (stress)
Going from hot imbalance to balance to cold imbalance to balance
Positive feedback control
Results in a shift to a new homeostatic equilibrium because the response increase the stimulus level (stress)
Snowball effect
Regulation of blood glucose
And body temp
And most othe physiological mechanisms
is what type of feedback control
Negative
Response creates new stimulus
Response reduces stimulus
Blood clotting
Immune responses
Pregnancy
Are what feed back
Positive feedback control
Stimulus creates new equilibrium
Homeostatic imbalances
Pathological process with a particular set of characteristics in which some or all parts of the body are not performing correctly
Pleural
Cavity that holds the lungs
Mediastinum
Cavity that is inbetween the lungs
Paricardium
Heart cavity
Visceral
Inner membrane on organ wall
Parietal
The outer membrane on the body wall
Serous fluid movement
Fluid that is inbetween the parietal and visceral
Superior (cranial)
Towards the head
Inferior (caudal)
Towards the feet
Anterior (ventral)
Toward the front
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Spine
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body or spine
Intermediate
Between a more medial and lateral structure
Epithelium
Epithelium, in anatomy, layer of cells closely bound to one another to form continuous sheets covering surfaces that may come into contact with foreign substances. Epithelium occurs in both plants and animals.
Tissue
Negative feedback is?
When homeostasis does the opposite of the original stimulus
Positive feedback
Doing the same of the original stimulus
2 examples of positive feedback in the body
Blood clotting- continually releases pallets to clot blo
Oxytocin- causes uterine contractions till baby is born
Matter
All living and no living things consist of matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
3 states of matter
Liquid, solid, gas
Are mass and weight the same this on earth
Yes
Energy
The ability to do work
Types of energy
Kinetic
Potential
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
Potential energy
Stored
Electrons are
Negative charged
Orbit nucleus
Protons are
Positive
Inside nucleus
Neutrons
Neutral
Inside the nucleus
When an atom is neutral what does that mean?
Equal amount of protons and neutrons
Isotope
Unequal amount of protons and electrons
Molecule
An atom combined with itself
H2
Compound
Atom with another atom
H2O
H2 + O
Forms of energy
Chemical
Electrical
Mechanical
Radiant
Chemical energy
Making and breaking of chemical bonds
Electrical energy
The movement of charged particles
Mechanical energy
Movement of matter
Radiant energy
Light or electromagnetic radiation
Element
Substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary type of atoms
Composed of specific types of atoms
Periodic table contains
Elements
H, C, O, N are examples of
Most common types of elements
Atomic number is
Number of protons in the nucleus
Number of protons makes
Atoms of one element differ from atoms of other elements
How are atoms combined
Through molecules and compounds
Molecules that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements are
Compounds
Demonstrates New characteristics of combined atoms that are different from individual element
Compound g
types of mixtures
Solutions
Colloids
Suspensions
Solutions
Mixture of two or more molecules. Includes solvent and solute.
Are homogeneous- can’t see with the naked eye but there are two separate entities
Solvent
Medium in which others are mixed
Ex-water
Water is a
Solvent
Salt water and blood plasma are examples of
Solutions
Visceral pericardium
Inner membrane on the heart
Parietal pericardium
Outer membrane on the heart
Right hypochondriac region contains
Lateral with epigastric region
Liver
Gall bladder
Epigastric region
Heart
Superior and midline to other regions
Left hypochondriac region
Diaphragm
Lateral to epigastric region
Right lumbar region
Lateral to umbilical region
Large intestine
Umbilical region
Midline
Contains small intestines
And large
Left lumbar region
Lateral to umbilical region
Contains small intestine
Right iliac region
Inguinal
Cecum
Appendix
Cecum
A pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines
Hypogastric region
Pubic
Urinary bladder
Left iliac region
Lateral to hypogastric region
Initial part of signals colon
Parietal pericardium
Lines the pericardial cavity
Visceral pericardium
Covers the heart
Parietal pleura
Lines the thoracic cavity
Visceral peritoneum
Covers most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal peritoneum
Lines the abdominopelvic cavity
Cervical
Neck
Appendicitis
Right lower quadrant
Right iliac or inguinal region
Cranial cavity is a part of the what cavity
Dorsal
Spleen organ is a part of what system
The lymphatic system
Body system that acts as fast acting control for the body systems
Nervous
What system produces blood cells
Skeletal
What does the visceral pericardium cover
Organs
Are thumbs pointing medially anatomical position
No
The body cavity that houses the lungs is
Pleural cavity
Cavity between the bones at the joint is an
The synovial cavity
Positron emission tomography PET
Excels in observing metabolic process
